{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T23:13:11Z","timestamp":1779318791033,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objectives:<\/jats:bold> Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is the most common vascular cause of dementia, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an intermediate state between dementia and normal cognitive aging. The present study investigated the main imaging features of CSVD on different MCI subtypes in memory clinics.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> A total of 236 patients with MCI and 85 healthy controls were included. One hundred nine amnestic MCI-multiple domains (amMCI), 38 amnestic MCI-single domain (asMCI), 36 non-amnestic MCI-multiple domains (namMCI), and 53 non-amnestic MCI-single domain (nasMCI) patients were diagnosed. All participants were evaluated with the cognitive assessments and imaging features including white matter hyperintensity (WMH), enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS), cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), and cerebral atrophy according to a standard procedure.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> The patients with amMCI, namMCI, and nasMCI had more high-grade basal ganglia EPVS compared with healthy controls, while the percentages of high-grade basal ganglia EPVS in the patients with amMCI were also more than those in patients with asMCI, namMCI, and nasMCI. There were more high-grade centrum semiovale EPVS in patients with amMCI in comparison with all other groups. The patients with amMCI and namMCI had more percentages of severe deep and periventricular WMH and deep CMBs compared with healthy controls. All MCI groups had higher scores of the medial temporal lobe atrophy than healthy controls, whereas the scores of the amMCI group were also higher than those of the namMCI and nasMCI groups.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> There were varied neuroimaging features of CSVD including cerebral atrophy in different MCI groups, which meant that vascular mechanism contributed to the prodromal stage of dementia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.685965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T06:47:17Z","timestamp":1626418037000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Effect of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease on the Subtypes of Mild Cognitive Impairment"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xudong","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miaoxin","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuhong","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziling","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangfei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaopeng","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinsong","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e661","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30185-7","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors, and management of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in adults aged 60 years or older in China: a cross-sectional study","volume":"5","author":"Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.12.1985","article-title":"Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment","volume":"58","author":"Petersen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Neurol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12190","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment: a concept in evolution","volume":"275","author":"Petersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Intern Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70124-8","article-title":"Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration","volume":"12","author":"Wardlaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30079-1","article-title":"Small vessel disease: mechanisms and clinical implications","volume":"18","author":"Wardlaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0014-y","article-title":"Cerebral small vessel disease: from a focal to a global perspective","volume":"14","author":"Ter Telgte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol."},{"key":"B7","volume-title":"A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms, and Commentary","author":"Strauss","year":"2006"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410270412","article-title":"The prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in Shanghai, China: impact of age, gender, and education","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.11.2412-a","article-title":"The clinical dementia rating (CDR): current version and scoring rules","volume":"43","author":"Morris","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","article-title":"The montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment","volume":"53","author":"Nasreddine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3109\/00207459008985956","article-title":"Factor analysis of the mainland Chinese version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-RC) in a brain-damaged sample","volume":"55","author":"Dai","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1207\/S15324826AN0704_6","article-title":"Performance on original and a Chinese version of trail making test part B: a normative bilingual sample","volume":"7","author":"Lu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617704101069","article-title":"Confrontation naming in Chinese patients with left, right or bilateral brain damage","volume":"10","author":"Cheung","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2626(92)90112-Y","article-title":"Quantitative and qualitative analyses of clock drawings in Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease","volume":"18","author":"Rouleau","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain cogn."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1159\/000375153","article-title":"Cerebral perivascular spaces visible on magnetic resonance imaging: development of a qualitative rating scale and its observer reliability","volume":"39","author":"Potter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.149.2.351","article-title":"MR signal abnormalities at 1.5 T in Alzheimer's dementia and normal aging","volume":"149","author":"Fazekas","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70013-4","article-title":"Cerebral microbleeds: a guide to detection and interpretation","volume":"8","author":"Greenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.55.10.967","article-title":"Atrophy of medial temporal lobes on MRI in \u201cprobable\u201d Alzheimer's disease and normal ageing: diagnostic value and neuropsychological correlates","volume":"55","author":"Scheltens","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-011-2205-4","article-title":"Visual assessment of posterior atrophy development of a MRI rating scale","volume":"21","author":"Koedam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Radiol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-015-4101-9","article-title":"Quantitative validation of a visual rating scale for frontal atrophy: associations with clinical status, APOE e4, CSF biomarkers and cognition","volume":"26","author":"Ferreira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Radiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy113","article-title":"Understanding the role of the perivascular space in cerebral small vessel disease","volume":"114","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.564914","article-title":"Enlarged perivascular spaces on MRI are a feature of cerebral small vessel disease","volume":"41","author":"Doubal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12979","article-title":"Assessment of enlarged perivascular spaces and their relation to target organ damage and mild cognitive impairment in patients with hypertension","volume":"23","author":"Riba-Llena","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4237","article-title":"Dilated perivascular spaces in the Basal Ganglia are a biomarker of small-vessel disease in a very elderly population with dementia","volume":"36","author":"Hansen","year":"2015","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31828f1876","article-title":"Topography of dilated perivascular spaces in subjects from a memory clinic cohort","volume":"80","author":"Martinez-Ramirez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1501","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011537","article-title":"Association of dilated perivascular spaces with cognitive decline and incident dementia","volume":"96","author":"Paradise","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-019-0521-0","article-title":"Independent effects of white matter hyperintensities on cognitive, neuropsychiatric, and functional decline: a longitudinal investigation using the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center Uniform Data Set","volume":"11","author":"Puzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.343","article-title":"White matter hyperintensities, incident mild cognitive impairment, and cognitive decline in old age","volume":"3","author":"Boyle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205015666180119110712","article-title":"Vascular risk factors, vascular diseases, and imaging findings in a hospital-based cohort of mild cognitive impairment types","volume":"15","author":"Camarda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2019.10.016","article-title":"Pattern of regional white matter hyperintensity volume in mild cognitive impairment subtypes and associations with decline in daily functioning","volume":"86","author":"Bangen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170573","article-title":"White matter hyperintensities and cognition in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a domain-specific meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"van den Berg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2018.0929","article-title":"Anatomical links between white matter hyperintensity and medial temporal atrophy reveal impairment of executive functions","volume":"10","author":"Yamanaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-020-00847-4","article-title":"Cerebral small vessel disease influences hippocampal subfield atrophy in mild cognitive impairment","volume":"12","author":"Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Stroke Res."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170470","article-title":"Incident cerebral microbleeds detected by susceptibility weight-imaging help to identify patients with mild cognitive impairment progressing to Alzheimer's disease","volume":"60","author":"Basselerie","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.07.018","article-title":"Cerebral microbleeds in patients with mild cognitive impairment and small vessel disease: the vascular mild cognitive impairment (VMCI)-Tuscany study","volume":"368","author":"Valenti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e008453","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.008453","article-title":"Cerebral microbleeds are associated with mild cognitive impairment in patients with hypertension","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.02.010","article-title":"Operationalizing mild cognitive impairment criteria in small vessel disease: the VMCI-Tuscany study","volume":"12","author":"Salvadori","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbz120","article-title":"Evidence of a relation between hippocampal volume, white matter hyperintensities, and cognition in subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"75","author":"Caillaud","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.685965\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T06:47:24Z","timestamp":1626418044000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.685965\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.685965"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.685965","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"article-number":"685965"}}