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Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> This study examines changes over time in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among children who survived the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and the relevant predictive variables.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> A total of 203 children and adolescents were investigated 24 months after the earthquake, and 151 children and adolescents completed the 1-year follow-up study. Participants completed the Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES-13), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Hierarchical linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the predictors of changes in PTSD severity.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Eighty percent of the children still had some PTSD symptoms 2 years after the Wenchuan earthquake, and 66.25% of the children had symptoms that lasted 3 years. In the model predicting PTSD symptom severity, the loss of family members and child burial explained a significant 21.9% of the variance, and depression explained a significant 16.7% of the variance. In the model predicting changes in PTSD severity, the change scores for resilience and depression explained a significant 18.7% of the variance, and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) explained a significant 33.6% of the variance.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> PTSD symptoms in children and adolescents can persist for many years after trauma. In addition to using psychological interventions to improve PTSD symptoms, improvements in depression and resilience should also be considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.691765","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T04:55:50Z","timestamp":1632286550000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Changes Over Time in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Among Children Who Survived the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake and Predictive Variables"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chow","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kam Ying","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22275","article-title":"Long-term outcomes among child and adolescent survivors of the 2010 Haitian earthquake","volume":"32","author":"C\u00e9nat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.02.081","article-title":"Suicidality, post-traumatic stress, and depressive reactions after earthquake and maltreatment: a cross-sectional survey of a random sample of 6132 chinese children and adolescents","volume":"232","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12566","article-title":"Search review: changes in the prevalence and symptom severity of child post-traumatic stress disorder in the year following trauma\u2013a meta-analytic study","volume":"57","author":"Hiller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Psychol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.08.041","article-title":"Children's symptoms of post-traumatic stress and depression after a natural disaster: comorbidity and risk factors","volume":"146","author":"Lai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2019.05.030","article-title":"Prevalence, comorbidity and predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety in adolescents following an earthquake","volume":"43","author":"Marthoenis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-013-0400-3","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms among child survivors 1 year following the Wenchuan earthquake in China","volume":"22","author":"Ying","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1753-2000-7-1","article-title":"Analysis of prevalence of PTSD and its influencing factors among college students after the Wenchuan earthquake","volume":"7","author":"Fu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Heath."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-104","article-title":"Traumatic experience and mental health consequences among child survivors of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake: a community-based follow-up study","volume":"13","author":"Jia","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.11.061","article-title":"post-traumatic symptoms in elementary and junior high school children after the 2011 Japan earthquake and tsunami: symptom severity and recovery vary by age and sex","volume":"164","author":"Iwadare","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.02.025","article-title":"Assessment of prevalence and determinants of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms in adults survivors of earthquake in Haiti after 30 months","volume":"159","author":"C\u00e9nat","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2020.1810721","article-title":"Peer victimization and developmental psychopathology in childhood and adolescence Italian psychiatric emergency unit. 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