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Bilingualism acts as a beneficial environmental factor contributing to cognitive reserve, although some potential confounding variables still need further elucidation. In this article, the relationship between bilingualism and cognitive reserve is discussed, interpreting the advantage of bilingualism in protecting against cognitive decline. In addition, the possible brain and biochemical mechanisms, supporting the advantageous effects of bilingualism in delaying the onset of dementia, involved in bilingualism are reviewed. Effectively, bilingualism can be considered as a pharmacological intervention with no side effects. However, the investigation of the pharmacological parameters of bilingualism is still at an early stage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.696015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T09:29:32Z","timestamp":1626946172000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Lifelong Bilingualism Functions as an Alternative Intervention for Cognitive Reserve Against Alzheimer's Disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Haiqing","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longhuo","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-020-01090-w","article-title":"Hypertension and age-related cognitive impairment: common risk factors and a role for precision aging","volume":"22","author":"Hay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.09.004","article-title":"Foreign language training as cognitive therapy for age-related cognitive decline: a hypothesis for future research","volume":"37","author":"Antoniou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1159\/000109998","article-title":"Prevalence of dementia in the United States: the aging, demographics, and memory study","volume":"29","author":"Plassman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67889-0","article-title":"Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study","volume":"366","author":"Ferri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(03)00129-5","article-title":"Neuroanatomical correlates of selected executive functions in middle-aged and older adults: a prospective MRI study","volume":"41","author":"Gunning-Dixon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1280","article-title":"Aging gracefully: compensatory brain activity in high-performing older adults","volume":"17","author":"Cabeza","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2007.03.007","article-title":"Assessing functional connectivity in the human brain by fMRI","volume":"25","author":"Rogers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.08.012","article-title":"Efficiency, capacity, compensation, maintenance, plasticity: emerging concepts in cognitive reserve","volume":"17","author":"Barulli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2217\/fnl.14.8","article-title":"Can being bilingual affect the onset of dementia?","volume":"9","author":"Bak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Future Neurol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000105","article-title":"Does bilingualism contribute to cognitive reserve? 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