{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T15:30:19Z","timestamp":1790350219717,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]],"date-time":"2021-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Self-harm, comprising non-suicidal self-injury, and suicide attempts, is a serious and potentially life-threatening behavior that has been associated with poor life quality and an increased risk of suicide. In forensic populations, increased rates of self-harm have been reported, and suicide is one of the leading causes of death. Aside from associations between self-harm and mental disorders, knowledge on self-harm in forensic psychiatric populations is limited. The purpose of this study was to characterize the clinical needs of a cohort of forensic psychiatric patients, including self-harm and possible risk factors thereof. Participants (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 98) were consecutively recruited from a cohort of forensic psychiatric patients in Sweden from 2016 to 2020. Data were collected through file information, self-reports, and complemented with semi-structured interviews. Results showed that self-harm was common among the participants, more than half (68.4%) of whom had at some point engaged in self-harm. The most common methods of non-suicidal self-injury were banging one's head or fist against a wall or other solid surface and cutting, and the most common method of suicide attempt was hanging. The most prominent functions of non-suicidal self-injury among the participants were intrapersonal functions such as affect regulation, self-punishment, and marking distress. Self-harm in general was associated to neurodevelopmental disorders (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.014, CI = 1.23\u20138.02, OR = 3.14) and disruptive impulse-control and conduct disorders (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.012, CI = 1.19\u201374.6, OR = 9.41), with reservation to very wide confidence intervals. Conclusions drawn from this study are that self-harm was highly prevalent in this sample and seems to have similar function in this group of individuals as in other studied clinical and non-clinical groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.698372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]],"date-time":"2021-08-02T05:24:24Z","timestamp":1627881864000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Clinical Characteristics and Self-Harm in Forensic Psychiatric Patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Natalie","family":"Laporte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrejs","family":"Ozolins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofie","family":"Westling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c5sa","family":"Westrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e4rta","family":"Wallinius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Preventing Suicide: A Global Imperative2014"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67325-4","article-title":"Suicides in male prisoners in England and Wales, 1978\u20132003","volume":"366","author":"Fazel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30190-5","article-title":"Risk factors for self-harm in prison: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Favril","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-010-0184-4","article-title":"Prison suicide in 12 countries: an ecological study of 861 suicides during 2003\u20132007","volume":"46","author":"Fazel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol."},{"key":"B5","unstructured":"CarsonA\n            CowhigMP\n          2020"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v69n1107","article-title":"Suicide in prisoners: a systematic review of risk factors","volume":"69","author":"Fazel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62118-2","article-title":"Self-harm in prisons in England and Wales: an epidemiological study of prevalence, risk factors, clustering, and subsequent suicide","volume":"383","author":"Hawton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.156.1.40","article-title":"Prison suicide in England and Wales, 1972-87","volume":"156","author":"Dooley","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7374.1207","article-title":"Deliberate self harm in adolescents: self report survey in schools in England","volume":"325","author":"Hawton","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1521\/suli.2008.38.2.152","article-title":"Prevalence, course, incidence, and 1-year prediction of deliberate self-harm and suicide attempts in early Norwegian school adolescents","volume":"38","author":"Larsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Suicide Life Threat Behav."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9450.2007.00567.x","article-title":"Deliberate self-harm in 15-year-old adolescents. 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