{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:27:38Z","timestamp":1787027258110,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]],"date-time":"2021-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The opioid epidemic is a global tragedy even with current treatments, and a novel, safe, and effective treatment would be welcomed. We report here our findings from our second randomized controlled trial to evaluate unilateral transcranial photobiomodulation as a treatment for opioid use disorder.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    We enrolled 39 participants with active opioid cravings at 2 sites, 19 received the active treatment which consisted of a 4-min twice weekly (every 3 or 4 days) application of a light-emitting diode at 810 nm with an irradiance of 250 mW\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    and a fluence of 60 J\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    to the forehead over either the left or right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with a fluence to the brain of 2.1 J\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Twenty participants received a sham treatment with the same device with foil over the bulb. The side of the treatment was based on Dual-Brain Psychology, which posits that one hemisphere is more affected by past maltreatments and is more prone to anxiety and drug cravings that the other hemisphere. We treated the hemisphere with the more positive hemispheric emotional valence (HEV) by 2 tests for HEV.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Our primary outcome was changes in pre-treatment opioid craving scale (OCS) minus baseline, and we found using a mixed model that the active group had a highly significant treatment\n                    <jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>\n                    time benefit over the sham group,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.0001, effect size at the last follow-up of 1.5. The active treatment benefited those not on buprenorphine as well as those not on it. The TimeLine Follow Back measure of opioid use was significantly better in the actively treated group,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.0001, with an effect size of 0.45. We observed no adverse effects.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Active unilateral transcranial photobiomodulation to the brain hemisphere with the better HEV was better than sham in the reduction of opioid cravings and opioid use to a very significant degree in a RCT of 39 participants at 2 independent sites. In the active group those on buprenorphine and those not on it both had improvements in cravings over the study. No adverse responses were reported in either group.\n                    <jats:ext-link>ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    Identifier: NCT04340622.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.713686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]],"date-time":"2021-08-10T00:53:10Z","timestamp":1628556790000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["An Effective and Safe Novel Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder: Unilateral Transcranial Photobiomodulation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Fredric","family":"Schiffer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaptagin","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Bolger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Flynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William P.","family":"Seltzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin H.","family":"Teicher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fiscal Year 2018 Budget Information - Congressional Justification for National Institute on Drug Abuse"},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"HedegaardH\n            WarnerM\n            Mini\u00f1oAM\n          Atlanta, GACDCDrug Overdose Deaths in the United States2017"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD011117","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011117.pub2","article-title":"Opioid agonist treatment for pharmaceutical opioid dependent people","volume":"5","author":"Nielsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD002207","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002207.pub4","article-title":"Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence","volume":"2","author":"Mattick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0b013e3181d41ddb","article-title":"Adoption and implementation of medications in addiction treatment programs","volume":"5","author":"Knudsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Addict Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2005.0228.x","article-title":"Buprenorphine retention in primary care","volume":"20","author":"Stein","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2009.05.003","article-title":"Buprenorphine maintenance treatment in a primary care setting: outcomes at 1 year","volume":"37","author":"Soeffing","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12333","article-title":"Treatment retention among patients randomized to buprenorphine\/naloxone compared to methadone in a multi-site trial","volume":"109","author":"Hser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"key":"B9","volume-title":"Of Two Minds: The Revolutionary Science of Dual-Brain Psychology","author":"Schiffer","year":"1998"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3109\/10673229609030535","article-title":"Cognitive activity of the right hemisphere: possible contributions to psychological function","volume":"4","author":"Schiffer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Harvard Rev Psychiat."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(97)90062-6","article-title":"Affect changes observed with right versus left lateral visual field stimulation in psychotherapy patients: possible physiological, psychological, therapeutic implications","volume":"38","author":"Schiffer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1300\/J229v01n02_06","article-title":"Can the different cerebral hemispheres have distinct personalities? 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