{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:26:36Z","timestamp":1790418396933,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Culture can affect psychiatric disorders. Clinical Lycanthropy is a rare syndrome, described since Antiquity, within which the patient has the delusional belief of turning into a wolf. Little is known on its clinical or therapeutic correlates.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> We conducted a systematic review (PRISMA) on PubMed and Google Scholar, until January 2021. Case reports, data on neurobiological hypotheses, and cultural aspects were included. Language was not restricted to English.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Forty-three cases of clinical lycanthropy and kynanthropy (delusion of dog transformation) were identified. Associated diagnoses were: schizophrenia, psychotic depression, bipolar disorder, and other psychotic disorders. Antipsychotic medication may be an efficient treatment for this rare transnosographic syndrome. In case of depression or mania, the treatment included antidepressants or mood regulators. The neuroscientific hypotheses include the conception of clinical lycanthropy as a cenesthopathy, as a delusional misidentification of the self-syndrome, as impairments of sensory integration, as impairments of the belief evaluation system, and right hemisphere anomalies. Interestingly, there is a clinical overlap between clinical lycanthropy and other delusional misidentification syndromes. Clinical lycanthropy may be a culture-bound syndrome that happens in the context of Western cultures, myths, and stories on werewolves, and today's exposure to these narratives on cultural media such as the internet and the series. We suggest the necessity of a cultural approach for these patients' clinical assessment, and a narrative and patient-centered care.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> Psychiatric transtheoretical reflections are needed for complementaristic neurobiological and cultural approaches of complex delusional syndromes such as clinical lycanthropy. Future research should include integrative frameworks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.718101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T09:19:35Z","timestamp":1633943975000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Clinical Lycanthropy, Neurobiology, Culture: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"S\u00e9lim Benjamin","family":"Guessoum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laelia","family":"Benoit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sevan","family":"Minassian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmina","family":"Mallet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie Rose","family":"Moro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S213","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu012","article-title":"Culture and hallucinations: overview and future directions","volume":"40","author":"Lar\u00f8i","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2015.10.020","article-title":"Culture and psychopathology","volume":"8","author":"Kirmayer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric PubDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5\u00ae)2013","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.147.2.201","article-title":"Lycanthropy lives on","volume":"147","author":"Coll","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13177","article-title":"First reported case of clinical lycanthropy in a 12-year-old adolescent: from culture-bound syndromes to Internet-mediated delusions?","volume":"75","author":"Guessoum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B6","unstructured":"PastoureauM\n          \u00c9ditions du SeuilLe loup: une histoire culturelle2018"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X13482835","article-title":"Battling demons with medical authority: werewolves, physicians and rationalization","volume":"24","author":"Metzger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hist Psychiatry."},{"key":"B8","unstructured":"RowlingJK\n          Bloomsbury PublishingHarry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban2015"},{"key":"B9","volume-title":"Teen Wolf.","author":"Davis","year":"2011"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"6","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X13512192","article-title":"When doctors cry wolf: a systematic review of the literature on clinical lycanthropy","volume":"25","author":"Blom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hist Psychiatry."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19l02449","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.19l02449","article-title":"Clinical lycanthropy (lycomania) in neuropsychiatric patients with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"21","author":"Gama Marques","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prim Care Companion CNS Disord"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112796","article-title":"Attempted suicide during an episode of lycanthropy - a case report and review of literature","volume":"286","author":"Groh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.5455\/JNBS.1401371806","article-title":"Man transforming into wolf: a rare case of clinical lycanthropy","volume":"1","author":"Sayar","year":"2014","journal-title":"JNBS."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E53","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.13030057","article-title":"Clinical lycanthropy: delusional misidentification of the \u201cself","volume":"26","author":"Shrestha","year":"2014"},{"key":"B16","first-page":"695","article-title":"The cenesthesiopathies","volume":"52","author":"Blom","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tijdschr Psychiatr."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2008.01321.x","article-title":"Lycanthropy alive in Babylon: the existence of archetype","volume":"119","author":"Younis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand."},{"key":"B18","unstructured":"Lycanthropy in depression: case report1304\n            MoghaddasA\n            NaseriM\n          Iran J Psychiatry Clin Psychol.102004"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2004.00438.x","article-title":"Co-existence of lycanthropy and Cotard's syndrome in a single case","volume":"111","author":"Nejad","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-13929","article-title":"Lycanthropy-zooanthropism\u2013discussion of a psychopathological phenomenon","volume":"69","author":"Garlipp","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr."},{"key":"B21","first-page":"201","article-title":"A case of partial lycanthropy","volume":"45","author":"Silva","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1159\/000029086","article-title":"Lycanthropy: new evidence of its origin","volume":"32","author":"Moselhy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychopathology."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1159\/000029085","article-title":"Lycanthropy in depression: two case reports","volume":"32","author":"Rao","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychopathology."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.163.5.684","article-title":"A partial form of lycanthropy with hair delusion in a manic-depressive patient","volume":"163","author":"Verdoux","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700017141","article-title":"Lycanthropy and demonomania: some psychopathological issues","volume":"20","author":"Koehler","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B26","first-page":"327","article-title":"The delusion of lycanthropic transformation","volume":"18","author":"Rojo Moreno","year":"1990","journal-title":"Actas Luso Esp Neurol Psiquiatr Cienc Afines."},{"key":"B27","first-page":"464","article-title":"A case of lycanthropy with deadly violence","volume":"147","author":"B\u00e9n\u00e9zech","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Med Psychol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1159\/000284617","article-title":"Multiple serial lycanthropy. A case report","volume":"22","author":"Dening","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychopathology."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170000194X","article-title":"Lycanthropy: alive and well in the twentieth century","volume":"18","author":"Keck","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B30","first-page":"293","article-title":"Zoanthropismus","author":"Knoll","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mater Psychanal."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.135.1.134-b","article-title":"Another case of lycanthropy","volume":"135","author":"Jackson","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.134.10.1147","article-title":"A case of lycanthropy","volume":"134","author":"Rosenstock","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1177\/070674377502000706","article-title":"Lycanthropy revisited","volume":"20","author":"Surawicz","year":"1975","journal-title":"Can Psychiatr Assoc J."},{"key":"B34","first-page":"6","article-title":"Ein hundeleben\u2013kyanthropes verhalten im alkoholrausch","volume":"22","author":"Lange","year":"1970","journal-title":"Psychiatr Neurol Med Psychol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.2307\/537184","article-title":"Lycanthropy as a psychic mechanism","volume":"58","author":"Fodor","year":"1945","journal-title":"J Am Folklore."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1159\/000190694","article-title":"Uber Zoanthropie","volume":"47","year":"1920","journal-title":"Monatsschr Psychiatr Neurol."},{"key":"B37","first-page":"257","article-title":"Sur un cas de d\u00e9lire m\u00e9tabolique de la personnalit\u00e9 li\u00e9 \u00e0 des troubles de la c\u0153nesth\u00e9sie","volume":"20","author":"Deny","year":"1905","journal-title":"Archives de Neurologie."},{"key":"B38","volume-title":"Rese\u00f1a de La Causa Formada En El Juzgado de Primera Instancia de Allariz, Distrito de La Coru\u00f1a, Contra Manuel Blanco Romasanta, El Hombre Lobo, Por Varios Asesinatos","author":"R\u00faa Figueroa","year":"1859"},{"key":"B39","unstructured":"MorelC\n          Grimblot\u00c9tudes cliniques: trait\u00e9 th\u00e9orique et pratique des maladies mentales consid\u00e9r\u00e9es dans leur nature, leur traitement, et dans leur rapport avec la m\u00e9decine l\u00e9gale des ali\u00e9n\u00e9s1852"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annder.2015.10.584","article-title":"La lycanthropie dans la m\u00e9decine","volume":"142","author":"Kluger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annales de Dermatologie et de V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9ologie."},{"key":"B41","first-page":"616","article-title":"Les c\u00e9nesthopathies","volume":"2","author":"Dupre","year":"1907","journal-title":"Encephale."},{"key":"B42","first-page":"872","article-title":"The psychopathology of cenesthopathia","volume":"68","author":"Yoshimatsu","year":"1966","journal-title":"Seishin shinkeigaku zasshi"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12015","article-title":"A review of recent case reports of cenesthopathy in Japan","volume":"13","author":"Takahashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1819.2003.01075.x","article-title":"Cenesthopathy in adolescence","volume":"57","author":"Watanabe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1159\/000486204","article-title":"Cenesthopathy and subjective cognitive complaints: an exploratory study in schizophrenia","volume":"51","author":"Jimeno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychopathology."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-019-0972-5","article-title":"Delusional misidentification of the mirror image","volume":"19","author":"Roane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X9400501709","article-title":"L'Illusion des \u201csosies\u201d dans un d\u00e9lire syst\u00e9matis\u00e9 chronique","volume":"5","author":"Capgras","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hist Psychiatry."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1976.tb00125.x","article-title":"Delusional hyper-identification of the Fregoli type. Organic pathogenetic contributions","volume":"54","author":"Christodonlon","year":"1976","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acw021","article-title":"Some unusual neuropsychological syndromes: somatoparaphrenia, akinetopsia, reduplicative paramnesia, autotopagnosia","volume":"31","author":"Ardila","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.141.4.588","article-title":"The syndrome of intermetamorphosis","volume":"141","author":"Bick","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113405","article-title":"The neurobiological hypotheses on clinical lycanthropy","volume":"293","author":"Guessoum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195173413.001.0001","volume-title":"The Lost Self: Pathologies of the Brain and Identity: Pathologies of the Brain and Identity","author":"Feinberg","year":"2005"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700029895","article-title":"Psychiatric, neurological and medical aspects of misidentification syndromes: a review of 260 cases","volume":"21","author":"F\u00f6rstl","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.15100376","article-title":"Lesion-related delusional misidentification syndromes: a comprehensive review of reported cases","volume":"28","author":"Darby","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00472","article-title":"Neuropathologies of the self and the right hemisphere: a window into productive personal pathologies","volume":"7","author":"Feinberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/mila.12110","article-title":"Making sense of the cotard syndrome: insights from the study of depersonalisation","volume":"31","author":"Billon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mind Lang."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360480","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/360480","article-title":"The comorbidity of reduplicative paramnesia, intermetamorphosis, reverse-intermetamorphosis, misidentification of reflection, and capgras syndrome in an adolescent patient","volume":"2014","author":"Arisoy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Case Rep Psychiatry."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2018.11.004","article-title":"Hypothesis: folklore perpetuated expression of moon-associated bipolar disorders in anecdotally exaggerated werewolf guise","volume":"122","author":"Erren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.263","article-title":"Bipolar mood cycles and lunar tidal cycles","volume":"23","author":"Wehr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2019.1625054","article-title":"Lunar cycle and psychiatric hospital admissions for schizophrenia: new findings from Henan province, China","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"w20070","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2019.20070","article-title":"Is it the moon? Effects of the lunar cycle on psychiatric admissions, discharges and length of stay","volume":"149","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2018.08.004","article-title":"Does the moon influence sleep in small-scale societies?","volume":"4","author":"Samson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Health."},{"key":"B63","first-page":"43","article-title":"Psychotic depression induced by Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome (OSAS): a case reported","volume":"40","author":"Velasco-Rey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Actas Esp Psiquiatr."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.2190\/GGN0-Y09A-QV4X-DBA0","article-title":"Treatment outcome of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in a patient with schizophrenia: case report","volume":"33","author":"Boufidis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Med."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.27659","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a cause of acute delirium","volume":"5","author":"Lombardi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.137.4.493","article-title":"Paranoid psychosis and sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"137","author":"Berrettini","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pra.0000410988.38723.a3","article-title":"Lycanthropy as a culture-bound syndrome: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"18","author":"Bou Khalil","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Pract."},{"key":"B68","volume-title":"Par-del\u00e0 Nature et Culture","author":"Descola","year":"2005"},{"key":"B69","first-page":"364","article-title":"Is lycanthropy confined to the Province of Shikohu?","volume":"86","author":"Shinkichi","year":"1879","journal-title":"Tokei Ijishenshi."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00051328","article-title":"The interpretations of fox possession: illness as metaphor","volume":"15","author":"Matsuoka","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cult Med Psychiatry."},{"key":"B71","unstructured":"HyodoA\n          The Contemporary Era of Psychiatric Illness in Japan (\u7cbe\u795e\u75c5\u306e\u65e5\u672c\u8fd1\u4ee3).2008"},{"key":"B72","first-page":"677","article-title":"D\u00e9lires de possession par le renard au Japon (ou d\u00e9lire de Kitsune-Tsuki)","volume":"142","author":"Furukawa","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann Econ Soc Civilis."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.1989.tb02546.x","article-title":"The current situation in regard to the delusion of possession in Japan","volume":"43","author":"Iida","year":"1989","journal-title":"Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol."},{"key":"B74","unstructured":"BentallRP\n          Penguin UKMadness Explained: Psychosis and Human Nature2004"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2020.04.025","article-title":"Catching the imposter in the brain: the case of Capgras delusion","author":"Nuara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cortex."},{"key":"B76","unstructured":"\u201cInternet delusions\u201d: the impact of technological developments on the content of psychiatric symptoms47\n            LernerV\n            LibovI\n            WitztumE\n          16910385Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci.432006"},{"key":"B77","volume-title":"Twilight","author":"Stephenie","year":"2005"},{"key":"B78","volume-title":"Loups-garous et vampires","author":"Villeneuve","year":"1963"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.06.060","article-title":"Genome-wide evidence reveals that African and Eurasian golden jackals are distinct species","volume":"25","author":"Koepfli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Biol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1177\/030751338507100115","article-title":"Anubis and the lunar disc","volume":"71","author":"Ritner","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Egypt Archaeol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X08338337","article-title":"Lycanthropy in Byzantine times (AD 330-1453)","volume":"20","author":"Poulakou-Rebelakou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hist Psychiatry."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X14562750","article-title":"Kynanthropy: canine madness in Byzantine late antiquity","volume":"26","author":"Metzger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hist Psychiatry."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3917\/lautr.033.0323","article-title":"L'ethnopsychiatrie ha\u00eftienne: un enracinement dans l'histoire du pays","volume":"11","author":"Rapha\u00ebl","year":"2010","journal-title":"L'Autre."},{"key":"B84","unstructured":"Hallucinations et cultures71\n            BaubetT\n            MoroMR\n          Psychotherapies des Hallucinations.2016"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371105600407","article-title":"A critical review of dissociative trance and possession disorders: etiological, diagnostic, therapeutic, and nosological issues","volume":"56","author":"During","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0b013e3181e63357","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy for lycanthropy and Cotard syndrome: a case report","volume":"26","author":"Grover","year":"2010","journal-title":"J ECT."},{"key":"B87","unstructured":"Lycanthropy in alcohol intoxication1086\n            GarlippP\n            ApelM\n            PeschelT\n          Aust N Z J Psychiatry.432009"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370104600720","article-title":"Lycanthropy: 2 case reports","volume":"46","author":"G\u00f6decke-Koch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2004.00470.x","article-title":"Lycanthropy: wolf-men and werewolves","volume":"111","author":"B\u00e9n\u00e9zech","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdr.IJDR_367_17","article-title":"Gingival fibromatosis with hypertrichosis syndrome: case series of rare syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Balaji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Dent Res."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-1363.195144","article-title":"Werewolf syndrome associated with gingival fibromatosis: a rare case report","volume":"28","author":"Sunil","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol."},{"key":"B92","first-page":"217","article-title":"Successful cord blood stem cell transplantation for congenital erythropoietic porphyria (Gunther's disease)","volume":"18","author":"Zix-Kieffer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"B93","unstructured":"Congenital hypertrichosis (Were Wolf Syndrome): a case report5679\n            AlamST\n            RahmanMM\n            AkhterS\n            HossainMA\n            IslamKA\n          22828564Mymensingh Med J.212012"},{"key":"B94","first-page":"157","article-title":"The pathoplastic effect of culture on psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia","volume":"1","author":"Stompe","year":"2006","journal-title":"World Cultural."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2001.16.1.88","article-title":"Schizophrenic delusions in Seoul, Shanghai and Taipei: a transcultural study","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1177\/002076402128783181","article-title":"Effect of culture and environment on the phenomenology of delusions and hallucinations","volume":"48","author":"Suhail","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1159\/000090598","article-title":"\u201cMind control\u201d experiences on the internet: implications for the psychiatric diagnosis of delusions","volume":"39","author":"Bell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychopathology."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2006.03.004","article-title":"Explaining delusions: a cognitive perspective","volume":"10","author":"Bell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0017.00129","article-title":"The cognitive neuropsychology of delusions","volume":"15","author":"Langdon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mind Lang."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2006.10.004","article-title":"Suspicious minds: the psychology of persecutory delusions","volume":"27","author":"Freeman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.04.006","article-title":"Dopamine, cognitive biases and assessment of certainty: a neurocognitive model of delusions","volume":"54","author":"Broyd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1177\/002076409303900305","article-title":"Schizophrenic delusions among Koreans, Korean-Chinese and Chinese: a transcultural study","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1159\/000284815","article-title":"Comparison of schizophrenic delusions between Japan and Germany","volume":"26","author":"Tateyama","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychopathology."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.12671","article-title":"Early intervention for everyone? A review of cross-cultural issues and their treatment in ultra-high-risk (UHR) cohorts","volume":"12","author":"Deriu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Early Interv Psychiatry."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.12701","article-title":"Is early management of psychosis designed for migrants? Improving transcultural variable collection when measuring duration of untreated psychosis","volume":"13","author":"Martin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Early Interv Psychiatry."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/S0241-6972(20)30107-9","article-title":"The case of Mrs S., an illustration of the contribution of transculturality in psychiatry.","volume":"41","author":"Machen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soins Psychiatr."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.4172\/2469-6676.100156","article-title":"A brief review of key models in cognitive behaviour therapy for psychosis","volume":"3","author":"Phiri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Psychopathol."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0252610","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252610","article-title":"Implementing organicity investigations in early psychosis: spreading expertise","volume":"16","author":"Kurukgy","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.718101\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T09:20:09Z","timestamp":1633944009000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.718101\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]},"references-count":108,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.718101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.718101","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]},"article-number":"718101"}}