{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T23:49:06Z","timestamp":1792712946034,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Difficulties with pragmatic language (i.e., language in social contexts, such as conversational ability) are a noted characteristic of the language profiles of both fragile X syndrome (FXS) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), conditions which show significant phenotypic overlap. Understanding the origins and developmental course of pragmatic language problems in FXS and other developmental conditions associated with language impairment is a critical step for the development of targeted interventions to promote communicative competence across the lifespan. This study examined pragmatic language in the context of parent-child interactions in school-age children with FXS (who did and did not meet ASD criteria on the ADOS;<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 85), idiopathic ASD (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 32), Down syndrome (DS;<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 38), and typical development (TD;<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 39), and their parents. Parent-child communicative interactions were examined across multiple contexts, across groups, and in relationship to pragmatic language outcomes assessed 2 years later. Results showed both overlapping and divergent patterns across the FXS-ASD and idiopathic ASD child and parent groups, and also highlighted key differences in pragmatic profiles based on situational context, with more pragmatic language difficulties occurring for both ASD groups in less structured interactions. Differences in parental language styles during parent-child interactions were associated with child language outcomes, likely reflecting the complex interplay of discourse style inherent to a parent, with the inevitable influence of child characteristics on parent language as well. Together, findings help delineate the dynamic and multifactorial nature of impaired pragmatic skills among children with FXS and other neurodevelopmental disorders associated with language impairment, with potential implications for the development of targeted interventions for pragmatic communication skills.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.718572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T06:26:18Z","timestamp":1636352778000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Longitudinal Study of Parent-Child Interactions and Language Outcomes in Fragile X Syndrome and Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lauren","family":"Bush","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary E.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Landau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly","family":"Losh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02212194","article-title":"Social and pragmatic deficits in autism: cognitive or affective?","volume":"18","author":"Baron-Cohen","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord."},{"key":"B2","article-title":"The Development of Language","author":"Berko-Gleason","year":"2009"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1080\/01619568309538407","article-title":"Play, thought, and language","volume":"60","author":"Bruner","year":"1983","journal-title":"Peabody J Educ."},{"key":"B4","article-title":"Acts of Meaning","author":"Bruner","year":"1990"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004368811_003","article-title":"Logic and Conversation","author":"Grice","year":"1975"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.02.016","article-title":"Stable associations between behavioral problems and language impairments across childhood - the importance of pragmatic language problems","volume":"35","author":"Helland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil."},{"key":"B7","article-title":"Pragmatics: An Introduction","author":"Mey","year":"1993"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.5202.105","article-title":"A clinical appraisal of the pragmatic aspects of language","volume":"52","author":"Prutting","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Speech Hear Disord."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/1866-1955-6-41","article-title":"Social (pragmatic) communication disorder: a research review of this new DSM-5 diagnostic category","volume":"6","author":"Swineford","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurodev Disord."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/7551.001.0001","article-title":"Origins of Human Communication","author":"Tomasello","year":"2008"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.3109\/13682820902863090","article-title":"Pragmatic language impairment and associated behavioural problems","volume":"45","author":"Ketelaars","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Lang Commun Disord."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders AmericanPsychiatric Association 2013","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"B13","article-title":"Autism Spectrum Disorder in Fragile X Syndrome: Cooccurring Conditions and Current Treatment","volume-title":"Pediatrics","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2017"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e472","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.5.e472","article-title":"The genetics of autism","volume":"113","author":"Muhle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/gim.2013.32","article-title":"Clinical genetics evaluation in identifying the etiology of autism spectrum disorders: 2013 guideline revisions","volume":"15","author":"Schaefer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genet Med."},{"key":"B16","article-title":"Understanding Autism Spectrum Disorder in Fragile X Syndrome","author":"Budimirovic","year":"2014"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3023","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_JSLHR-L-18-0008","article-title":"A multimethod analysis of pragmatic skills in children and adolescents with fragile X syndrome, autism spectrum disorder, and down syndrome","volume":"61","author":"Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-005-5065-4","article-title":"Brief report: the relationship between discourse deficits and autism symptomatology","volume":"35","author":"Hale","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00353.x","article-title":"The development of contingent discourse ability in autistic children","volume":"32","author":"Tager-Flusberg","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Disciplines."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32070","article-title":"Defining genetically meaningful language and personality traits in relatives of individuals with fragile X syndrome and relatives of individuals with autism","volume-title":"Am J Med Genet B.","author":"Losh","year":"2012"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00266","article-title":"Social communication and theory of mind in boys with autism and fragile x syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Losh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1044\/2014_JSLHR-L-13-0064","article-title":"A comparison of pragmatic language in boys with autism and fragile X syndrome","volume":"57","author":"Klusek","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2017.01.003","article-title":"Signaling of noncomprehension in communication breakdowns in fragile X syndrome, Down syndrome, and autism spectrum disorder","volume":"65","author":"Martin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Commun Disord."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1352\/0895-8017(","article-title":"Characteristics and qualities of the play dates of children with Down syndrome: emerging or true friendships?","volume":"107","author":"Freeman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Mental Retard."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/TLD.0b013e3181a71fe1","article-title":"Language characteristics of individuals with down syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Martin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Top Lang Disord"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3104\/reviews.129","article-title":"Cognitive and social factors in the development of infants with Down syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Moore","year":"2002","journal-title":"Downs Syndr Res Pract."},{"key":"B27","first-page":"53","article-title":"Language development in Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome: current research and implications for theory and practice. In: Fletcher P, Miller JF, editors","volume-title":"Developmental Theory and Language Disorders","year":"2005"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12019","article-title":"Longitudinal profiles of expressive vocabulary, syntax and pragmatic language in boys with fragile X syndrome or Down syndrome [Research Support, NIH, Extramural Research Support, Non-US Gov't]","volume":"48","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Lang Commun Disord."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2007\/033)","article-title":"Discourse skills of boys with fragile X syndrome in comparison to boys with Down syndrome","volume":"50","author":"Roberts","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res."},{"key":"B30","first-page":"154","article-title":"Mothers' directiveness in their interactions with their children with and without Down syndrome","volume":"93","author":"Tannock","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Mental Retard."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1352\/0895-8017(","article-title":"Signaling noncomprehension of language: a comparison of fragile X syndrome and Down syndrome","volume":"113","author":"Abbeduto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Mental Retard."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/13682820310001615797","article-title":"Pragmatic language impairment and social deficits in Williams syndrome: a comparison with Down's syndrome and specific language impairment","volume":"39","author":"Laws","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Lang Commun Disord."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00526","article-title":"State of the field: differentiating intellectual disability from autism spectrum disorder","volume":"10","author":"Thurm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361310387804","article-title":"Peer interaction patterns among adolescents with autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs) in mainstream school settings","volume":"15","author":"Humphrey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Autism."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361310386503","article-title":"The daily lives of adolescents with an autism spectrum disorder: discretionary time use and activity partners","volume":"15","author":"Orsmond","year":"2011","journal-title":"Autism."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0172242","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172242","article-title":"A systematic review of pragmatic language interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"12","author":"Parsons","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B37","article-title":"Informal peer groups in middle childhood and adolescence. In: Rubin K, Bukowski W, Laursen B, editors","volume-title":"Handbook of Peer Interactions, Relationships, and Groups","author":"Brown","year":"2008"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.33.2.295","article-title":"Developing narrative structure in parent-child reminiscing across the preschool years","volume":"33","author":"Haden","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dev Psychol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2006.00960.x","article-title":"Elaborating on elaborations: role of maternal reminiscing style in cognitive and socioemotional development","volume":"77","author":"Fivush","year":"2006","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"B40","first-page":"9","article-title":"The social construction of personal narratives","volume":"37","author":"Fivush","year":"1991","journal-title":"Merrill Palmer Quart."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/1165788","article-title":"Structure and strategy in learning to talk","volume":"38","author":"Nelson","year":"1973","journal-title":"Monogr Soc Res Child Dev."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1763-5","article-title":"Brief report: parent verbal responsiveness and language development in toddlers on the autism spectrum","volume":"43","author":"Haebig","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014884404276","article-title":"The behaviors of parents of children with autism predict the subsequent development of their children's communication","volume":"32","author":"Siller","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013771","article-title":"Modeling longitudinal change in the language abilities of children with autism: parent behaviors and child characteristics as predictors of change","volume":"44","author":"Siller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev Psychol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000445","article-title":"The influence of maternal pragmatics on the language skills of children with autism","volume":"38","author":"Stern","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2100","article-title":"The relation between parent verbal responsiveness and child communication in young children with or at risk for autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Edmunds","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autism Research."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-115.1.54","article-title":"Maternal responsivity predicts language development in young children with fragile X syndrome","volume":"115","author":"Warren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Intellect Dev Disabil."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2015.01.001","article-title":"Trajectories of pragmatic and nonliteral language development in children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"54","author":"Whyte","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Commun Disord."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3406.1339","article-title":"Spontaneous narrative-discourse performance of parents of autistic individuals","volume":"34","author":"Landa","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Speech Hear Res."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700032918","article-title":"Social language use in parents of autistic individuals","volume":"22","author":"Landa","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30612","article-title":"Defining key features of the broad autism phenotype: a comparison across parents of multiple- and single-incidence autism families","volume-title":"Am J Med Genet B.","author":"Losh","year":"2008"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1044\/lle19.2.48","article-title":"Pragmatic Language in autism and fragile X syndrome: genetic and clinical applications","volume":"19","author":"Losh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Perspect Lang Learn Educ."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19970725)74:4<398::AID-AJMG11>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Personality and language characteristics in parents from multiple-incidence autism families","volume":"74","author":"Piven","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718485","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.718485","article-title":"The phenotypic profile associated with the FMR1 premutation in women: an investigation of clinical-behavioral, social-cognitive, and executive abilities","volume":"12","author":"Maltman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1044\/2015_JSLHR-L-15-0102","article-title":"Pragmatic language features of mothers with the FMR1 premutation are associated with the language outcomes of adolescents and young adults with fragile X syndrome","volume":"59","author":"Klusek","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2984","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1838-3","article-title":"Brief report: do the nature of communication impairments in autism spectrum disorders relate to the broader autism phenotype in parents?","volume":"43","author":"Taylor","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2006.00888.x","article-title":"Gender differences in repetitive language in fragile X syndrome","volume-title":"J Intellect Disability Res.","author":"Murphy","year":"2007"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1024446215446","article-title":"Narrative ability in high-functioning children with autism or Asperger's syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Losh","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00313","article-title":"Maternal responsiveness and children's achievement of language milestones","volume":"72","author":"Tamis-LeMonda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"B60","article-title":"Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule","author":"Lord","year":"2001"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02172145","article-title":"Autism diagnostic interview-revised: a revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders","volume":"24","author":"Lord","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-008-0674-3","article-title":"Standardizing ADOS scores for a measure of severity in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"39","author":"Gotham","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord."},{"key":"B63","article-title":"Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised","author":"Roid","year":"1997"},{"key":"B64","article-title":"Expressive Vocabulary Test","author":"Williams","year":"1997"},{"key":"B65","article-title":"Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test","author":"Dunn","year":"1997"},{"key":"B66","article-title":"Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test","author":"Dunn","year":"2007"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674732469","article-title":"A First Language: The Early Stages","author":"Brown","year":"1973"},{"key":"B68","article-title":"Systematic Analysis of Language Transcripts (SALT), 2012 [Computer Software]","author":"Miller","year":"2008"},{"key":"B69","article-title":"CASL: Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language","author":"Carrow-Woolfolk","year":"1999"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-122.4.289","article-title":"A multi-method investigation of pragmatic development in individuals with down syndrome","volume":"122","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Intellect Dev Disabil."},{"key":"B71","article-title":"Pragmatic Rating Scale for School-Age Children","author":"Landa","year":"2011"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.2.420","article-title":"Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability","volume":"86","author":"Shrout","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychol Bull."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research","volume":"15","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04853-1","article-title":"Structural and pragmatic language impairments in children evaluated for autism spectrum disorder (ASD)","volume-title":"J Autism Dev Disord","author":"Reindal","year":"2021"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00863","article-title":"Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs","volume":"4","author":"Lakens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7139.1236","article-title":"What's wrong with Bonferroni adjustments","volume":"316","author":"Perneger","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10100694","article-title":"A genotype-phenotype study of high-resolution FMR1 nucleic acid and protein analyses in fragile X patients with neurobehavioral assessments","volume":"10","author":"Budimirovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1932-6","article-title":"Improving question-asking initiations in young children with autism using pivotal response treatment","volume":"44","author":"Koegel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1986.tb00190.x","article-title":"Defining the social deficits of autism: the contribution of non-verbal communication measures","volume":"27","author":"Mundy","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025854816091","article-title":"Nonverbal communication in two- and three-year-old children with autism","volume":"27","author":"Stone","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.2703.364","article-title":"Profiles of communicative and cognitive-social abilities in autistic children","volume":"27","author":"Wetherby","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Speech Hear Res."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361398024002","article-title":"Conversational abilities among children with autism and children with developmental delays","volume":"2","author":"Capps","year":"1998","journal-title":"Autism."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3104.593","article-title":"Speech acts and the pragmatic deficits of autism","volume":"31","author":"Loveland","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Speech Hear Res."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s11689-010-9067-y","article-title":"Clinical assessment of DSM-IV anxiety disorders in fragile X syndrome: prevalence and characterization","volume":"3","author":"Cordeiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurodev Disord."},{"key":"B85","first-page":"35","article-title":"Speech-language and the fragile X syndrome: initial findings","volume":"29","author":"Wolf-Schein","year":"1987","journal-title":"ASHA"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1352\/0895-8017(","article-title":"Conversational characteristics of children with fragile X syndrome: tangential language","volume":"106","author":"Sudhalter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Ment Retardat AJMR"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-121.3.236","article-title":"A spoken-language intervention for school-aged boys with fragile X syndrome","volume":"121","author":"McDuffie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Intellect Dev Disabil."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12121","article-title":"Consistency between research and clinical diagnoses of autism among boys and girls with fragile X syndrome","volume":"58","author":"Klusek","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Intell Disab Res."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315297057","article-title":"PEERS\u00ae for Young Adults: Social Skills Training for Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Other Social Challenges","author":"Laugeson","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.718572\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,12]],"date-time":"2023-11-12T10:22:48Z","timestamp":1699784568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.718572\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"references-count":89,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.718572"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.718572","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"article-number":"718572"}}