{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T22:34:21Z","timestamp":1783118061332,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000226","name":"Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> People experiencing homelessness and mental illness have poorer service engagement and health-related outcomes compared to the general population. Financial incentives have been associated with increased service engagement, but evidence of effectiveness is limited. This protocol evaluates the acceptability and impact of financial incentives on service engagement among adults experiencing homelessness and mental illness in Toronto, Canada.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> This study protocol uses a pragmatic field trial design and mixed methods (<jats:ext-link>ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link> Identifier: NCT03770221). Study participants were recruited from a brief multidisciplinary case management program for adults experiencing homelessness and mental illness following hospital discharge, and were randomly assigned to usual care or a financial incentives arm offering $20 for each week they attended meetings with a program provider. The primary outcome of effectiveness is service engagement, measured by the count of participant-provider health-care contacts over the 6-month period post-randomization. Secondary health, health service use, quality of life, and housing outcomes were measured at baseline and at 6-month follow-up. Quantitative data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential modeling including Poisson regression and generalized estimating equations. A subset of study participants and other key informants participated in interviews, and program staff in focus groups, to explore experiences with and perspectives regarding financial incentives. Qualitative data will be rigorously coded and thematically analyzed.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> Findings from this study will contribute high quality evidence to an underdeveloped literature base on the effectiveness and acceptability of financial incentives to improve service engagement and health-related outcomes among adults experiencing homelessness and mental illness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.722485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T07:28:14Z","timestamp":1627975694000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Impact of Financial Incentives on Service Engagement Among Adults Experiencing Homelessness and Mental Illness: A Pragmatic Trial Protocol"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Nadine","family":"Reid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosane","family":"Nisenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen W.","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Durbin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Kozloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ri","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicky","family":"Stergiopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Homelessness and health","volume":"164","author":"Hwang","year":"2001","journal-title":"CMAJ."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61132-6","article-title":"The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations","volume":"384","author":"Fazel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12391","article-title":"Neurocognitive impairment in a large sample of homeless adults with mental illness","volume":"131","author":"Stergiopoulos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2012.0171","article-title":"Comparing homeless and domiciled patients' utilization of the Harris County, Texas public hospital system","volume":"23","author":"Buck","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e318206c50d","article-title":"Hospital costs and length of stay among homeless patients admitted to medical, surgical, and psychiatric services","volume":"49","author":"Hwang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Care."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20306","article-title":"Treatment engagement of individuals experiencing mental illness: review and update","volume":"15","author":"Dixon","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Psychiatry."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2147\/PROM.S42735","article-title":"Nonadherence with antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia: challenges and management strategies","volume":"5","author":"Haddad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Patient Relat Outcome Meas."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp046","article-title":"Disengagement from mental health treatment among individuals with schizophrenia and strategies for facilitating connections to care: a review of the literature","volume":"35","author":"Kreyenbuhl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.62.7.pss6207_0713","article-title":"Randomized trial of critical time intervention to prevent homelessness after hospital discharge","volume":"62","author":"Herman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.1.109","article-title":"Homelessness among individuals with psychotic disorders hospitalized for the first time: findings from the Suffolk county mental health project","volume":"155","author":"Herman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743718772539","article-title":"Bridging hospital and community care for homeless adults with mental health needs: outcomes of a brief interdisciplinary intervention","volume":"63","author":"Stergiopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0182157","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182157","article-title":"The effect of brief case management on emergency department use of frequent users in mental health: findings of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Stergiopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201400362","article-title":"Brief critical time intervention to reduce psychiatric rehospitalization","volume":"66","author":"Shaffer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201100468","article-title":"The impact of critical time intervention in reducing psychiatric rehospitalization after hospital dis- charge","volume":"63","author":"Tomita","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2007.58.7.929","article-title":"Outcomes of critical time intervention case management of homeless veterans after psychiatric hospitalization","volume":"58","author":"Kasprow","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-012-2261-8","article-title":"Using insights from behavioral economics and social psychology to help patients manage chronic diseases","volume":"28","author":"Mogler","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031912-114353","article-title":"The behavioural economics of health and health care","volume":"34","author":"Rice","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Rev Public Health."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2020.03.012","article-title":"Behavioural economics and human decision making: instances from the health care system","volume":"124","author":"Carminati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Policy."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-015-9934-9","article-title":"\u201cSometimes what they think is helpful is not really helpful\u201d: understanding engagement in the Program of Assertive Community Treatment (PACT)","volume":"52","author":"George","year":"2016","journal-title":"Community Ment Health J"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hsdr05080","article-title":"Critical time intervention for severely mentally ill prisoners (CRISP): a randomized trial","volume":"5","author":"Shaw","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Service Deliv Res."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032760","article-title":"Conditional economic incentives for reducing HIV risk behaviors: integration of psychology and behavioural economics","volume":"32","author":"Operario","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e90347","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090347","article-title":"The effectiveness of financial incentives for health behaviour change: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Giles","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.16.1900","article-title":"Conditional cash transfers for improving uptake of health interventions in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"298","author":"Lagarde","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phpro.2012.02.199","article-title":"The relationship between incentives to learn and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs","volume":"24","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physics Procedia."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"h134","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h134","article-title":"Financial incentives for smoking cessation in pregnancy: randomized controlled trial","volume":"350","author":"Tappin","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa0806819","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of financial incentives for smoking cessation","volume":"360","author":"Volpp","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.804","article-title":"Financial incentive-based approaches for weight loss: a randomized trial","volume":"300","author":"Volpp","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2008.09.017","article-title":"Effect of incentives for medication adherence on health care costs in methadone patients with HIV","volume":"100","author":"Barnett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000196","article-title":"Financial incentives to improve progression through the HIV treatment cascade","volume":"10","author":"Bassett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz294","article-title":"HIV care for patients with complex needs: a controlled evaluation of a walk-in, incentivized care model","volume":"6","author":"Dombrowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis."},{"key":"B31","unstructured":"GoetteL\n            StutzerA\n          Blood Donations and Incentives: Evidence From A Field Experiment (April 2019). CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP13677"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.5.697","article-title":"Adherence to Isoniazid Prophylaxis in the homeless: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"160","author":"Tulsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/15555240.2014.868721","article-title":"Incentives to shape health behaviors: how can we make them more person-centred?","volume":"29","author":"Merrick","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Workplace Behav Health."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.57.3.414","article-title":"Incentive payments for attendance at appointments for depression among low-income African Americans","volume":"57","author":"Post","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22236","article-title":"Improved clinical functioning for patients receiving fee discounts that reward treatment engagement","volume":"72","author":"Stanley","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"f5847","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f5847","article-title":"Effectiveness of financial incentives to improve adherence to maintenance treatment with antipsychotics: cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"347","author":"Priebe","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.71.2.320","article-title":"Treatment responsivity of cocaine-dependent patients with antisocial personality disorder to cognitive-behavioral and contingency management interventions","volume":"71","author":"Messina","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.08.008","article-title":"A review of the literature on contingency management in the treatment of substance use disorders, 2009-2014","volume":"92","author":"Davis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev Med."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntx178","article-title":"Financial incentives for smoking abstinence in homeless smokers: a pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Baggett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000350","article-title":"A randomized trial of contingency management for smoking cessation in the homeless","volume":"32","author":"Rash","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1409-y","article-title":"Acceptability of financial incentives and penalties for encouraging uptake of health behaviours: focus groups","volume":"5","author":"Giles","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105762","article-title":"Acceptability of financial incentives for health-related behavior change: an updated systematic review","volume":"126","author":"Hoskins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev Med."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1485-x","article-title":"Ethical acceptability of offering financial incentives for taking antipsychotic depot medication: patients' and clinicians' perspectives after a 12-month randomized controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"Noordraven","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.2009.035071","article-title":"Acceptability of offering financial incentives to achieve medication adherence in patients with severe mental illness: a focus group study","volume":"36","author":"Priebe","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Med Ethics."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12461","article-title":"Promoting continuity of care for homeless adults with unmet health needs: The role of brief interventions","volume":"26","author":"Lamanna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743721996114.","article-title":"Evaluating the impact of a critical time intervention adaptation on health care utilization among homeless adults with mental health needs in a large urban centre","author":"Reid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-016-1666-1","article-title":"Brief case management versus usual care for frequent users of emergency departments: the Coordinated Access to Care from Hospital Emergency Departments (CATCH-ED) randomized controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Stergiopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-017-9731-5","article-title":"Integrating hospital and community care for homeless people with unmet mental health needs: program rationale, study protocol and sample description of a brief multidisciplinary case management intervention","volume":"15","author":"Stergiopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addiction."},{"key":"B49","volume-title":"Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research","author":"Creswell","year":"2010"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12117","article-title":"Achieving integration in mixed methods designs \u2013 principles and practices","volume":"48","author":"Fetters","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Serv Res."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-032013-182440","article-title":"Combining the power of stories and the power of numbers: mixed methods research and mixed studies reviews","volume":"35","author":"Pluye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-015-0366-2","article-title":"Patient-, organization-, and system-level barriers and facilitators to preventive oral health care: a convergent mixed-methods study in primary dental care","volume":"11","author":"Templeton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Implement Sci."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6644-1","article-title":"A mixed methods randomised control trial to evaluate the effectiveness of the journal to social inclusion \u2013 phase 2 intervention for chronically homeless adults: study protocol","volume":"19","author":"Vallesi","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3757","DOI":"10.5897\/AJBM09.082","article-title":"Mixed methods: a review of the literature and the future of the new research paradigm","volume":"5","author":"Migiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr J Bus Manag."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780471462422.eoct301","article-title":"Block randomization","volume-title":"Wiley Encyclopedia of Clinical Trials","author":"McEntegart","year":"2008"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/78.2.446","article-title":"Sample size for Poisson regression","volume":"78","author":"Signorini","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biometrika."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1037\/0002-9432.75.3.347","article-title":"Homeless near a thousand homes: outcomes of homeless youth in a crisis shelter","volume":"75","author":"Barber","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Orthopsychiatry."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.54.6.905","article-title":"The effect of housing interventions on neuropsychological functioning among homeless persons with mental illness","volume":"54","author":"Seidman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-008-0179-6","article-title":"The psychometric properties of the Colorado Symptom Index","volume":"35","author":"Boothroyd","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adm Policy Ment Health."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s80","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490601006055","article-title":"Development and validation of the GAIN Short Screener (GSS) for internalizing, externalizing and substance use disorders and criminal\/violence problems among adolescents and adults","volume":"15","author":"Dennis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Addictions."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199206000-00002","article-title":"JE, Sherbourne C. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection","volume":"30","author":"Ware","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med Care."},{"key":"B62","volume-title":"SF-36 Health Survey Manual and Interpretation Guide","author":"Ware JE","year":"1993"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764019858650","article-title":"Recovery education for people experiencing housing instability: an evaluation protocol","volume":"65","author":"Durbin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-1-60","article-title":"The Quality of Life Scale (QOLS): reliability, validity and utilization","volume":"1","author":"Burckhardt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830230076011","article-title":"A randomized trial of assertive community treatment for homeless persons with severe mental illness","volume":"54","author":"Lehman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-017-1522-8","article-title":"Changes in quality of life from a homelessness intervention: true change, response shift, or random variation","volume":"26","author":"Powell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Qual Life Res."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-013-0719-6","article-title":"Housing first improves subjective quality of life among homeless adults with mental illness: 12-month findings from a randomized controlled trial in Vancouver, British Columbia","volume":"48","author":"Patterson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol."},{"key":"B68","unstructured":"EQ-5D-5L User Guide2019"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1125","article-title":"Comparison of EQ-5D and SF-6D utilities in mental health patients","volume":"15","author":"Lamers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Health Econ."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.20132","article-title":"Measuring homelessness and residential stability: the residential time-line follow-back inventory","volume":"35","author":"Tsemberis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Comm Psychol."},{"key":"B71","volume-title":"Residential Follow-Back Calendar [Version June 1995]","year":"1995"},{"key":"B72","unstructured":"GoeringP\n            VeldhuizenS\n            WatsonA\n            AdairC\n            KoppB\n            LatimerE\n          Calgary, ABMental Health Commission of CanadaNational At Home\/Chez Soi Final Report2014"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000323","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000323","article-title":"The At Home\/Chez Soi trial protocol: a pragmatic, multi-site, randomized controlled trial of Housing First in five Canadian cities","volume":"1","author":"Goering","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.15.2.193","article-title":"Interchangeability of a working alliance inventory and working alliance inventory, short form","volume":"15","author":"Busseri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol Assess."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.36.2.223","article-title":"Development and validation of the Working Alliance Inventory","volume":"36","author":"Horvath","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Couns Psychol."},{"key":"B76","volume-title":"Discovery of Grounded Theory. Strategies for Qualitative Research","author":"Glaser","year":"1967"},{"key":"B77","volume-title":"Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide","author":"Birks","year":"2015"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qual Res Psychol."},{"key":"B79","unstructured":"DevottaK\n            PedersenC\n          Coding Qualitative Data: Working With a Team of Coders. CRICH Survey Research Unit Methodology Bits2015"},{"key":"B80","volume-title":"Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods","author":"Patton","year":"2015"},{"key":"B81","volume-title":"The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers","author":"Saldana","year":"2015"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.722485\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T07:28:29Z","timestamp":1627975709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.722485\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.722485"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.722485","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]},"article-number":"722485"}}