{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:36:32Z","timestamp":1790778992134,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012466","name":"Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012466","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012469","name":"O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012469","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003206","name":"Alberta Children's Hospital Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003206","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012856","name":"Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012866","name":"Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012866","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009003","name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009003","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Aim:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Individuals with eating disorders (EDs) may present with impulse control disorders (ICDs) and behavioral addictions (BAs), which may result in additional suffering and treatment resistance. However, the prevalence of ICDs and BAs in EDs has not been systematically examined. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the prevalence of ICDs and BAs in ED samples.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    A comprehensive electronic database search of the peer-reviewed literature was conducted in the following online databases: MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, and CINAHL from their inception to May 2021. We restricted review eligibility to research studies reporting prevalence for ICDs or BAs in individuals with diagnosed EDs. The outcome for this review was the prevalence of ICDs or BAs in individuals with EDs. A series of random-effects meta-analyses were performed on eligible studies to estimate the pooled proportions and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Thirty-five studies met the inclusion criteria, including a total of 9,646 individuals identified as having an ED, 18 of these studies specifically examined ICDs\/BAs in AN, BN, and BED. Random-effects pooled estimates demonstrated that the comorbid prevalence of any ICD was 22%. The prevalence of comorbid pathological\/compulsive buying was highest (19%), followed by kleptomania (18%), pathological internet use (12%), intermittent explosive disorder (4%), trichotillomania (3%), and gambling disorder (2%). In addition, the prevalence of stealing\/shoplifting behaviors was 30% in those with EDs.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    This is the first meta-analysis on the comorbid prevalence of EDs and ICDs\/BAs. We found a moderate prevalence for these comorbid conditions, with approximately one out of five individuals with an ED also displaying a comorbid ICD\/BA. Although causal inferences cannot be drawn, the numbers strongly suggest that clinical screening\/monitoring of ICDs\/BAs should be part of the clinical routine in cohorts with EDs. ED settings need either the capacity to manage these disorders or adequate access to relevant services. Further investigations are needed to reveal common underlying pathomechanisms.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Systematic Review Registration:<\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    , identifier: CRD42020202044.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.724034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T02:27:55Z","timestamp":1641436075000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The Prevalence of Impulse Control Disorders and Behavioral Addictions in Eating Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Devoe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alida","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anees","family":"Bahji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manya","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott B.","family":"Patten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Soumbasis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Ramirez Pineda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordyn","family":"Flanagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Candice","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gina","family":"Dimitropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Paslakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09020247","article-title":"Increased mortality in bulimia nervosa and other eating disorders","volume":"166","author":"Crow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22797","article-title":"The direct health care costs of eating disorders among hospitalized patients: a population-based study","volume":"50","author":"de Oliveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1097\/01.yco.0000228768.79097.3e","article-title":"Medical complications of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa","volume":"19","author":"Mitchell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-015-3468-4","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between eating disorders and bone density","volume":"27","author":"Robinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30059-3","article-title":"Eating disorders","volume":"395","author":"Treasure","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B6","volume-title":"DSM-V: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.","year":"2013"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e328365a24f","article-title":"Epidemiology, course, and outcome of eating disorders","volume":"26","author":"Smink","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030679","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence, impairment, and course of the proposed DSM-5 eating disorder diagnoses in an 8-year prospective community study of young women","volume":"122","author":"Stice","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1440-1614.2006.01758.x","article-title":"Prevalence and long-term course of lifetime eating disorders in an adult Australian twin cohort","volume":"40","author":"Wade","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.03.040","article-title":"The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication","volume":"61","author":"Hudson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-016-0264-x","article-title":"A systematic review of the health-related quality of life and economic burdens of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder","volume":"21","author":"\u00c1gh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2007.02.011","article-title":"Impulse control disorders in women with eating disorders","volume":"157","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Aranda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852916000183","article-title":"Expanding the definition of addiction: DSM-5 vs. ICD-11","volume":"21","author":"Grant","year":"2016","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00053","article-title":"Relationships between behavioural addictions and psychiatric disorders: what is known and what is yet to be learned?","volume":"8","author":"Starcevic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2010.491884","article-title":"Introduction to behavioral addictions","volume":"36","author":"Grant","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.03.007","article-title":"Personality profiles of substance and behavioral addictions","volume":"82","author":"Zilberman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addict Behav."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-006-0668-0","article-title":"Epidemiologic and clinical updates on impulse control disorders: a critical review","volume":"256","author":"Dell'Osso","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.10.1806","article-title":"Estimated prevalence of compulsive buying behavior in the United States","volume":"163","author":"Koran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-010-9206-0","article-title":"Behavioural addictions in adolescents and young adults: results from a prevalence study","volume":"27","author":"Villella","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Gambl Stud."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000278","article-title":"Epidemiology of eating disorders in Europe: prevalence, incidence, comorbidity, course, consequences, and risk factors","volume":"29","author":"Keski-Rahkonen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.07.005","article-title":"Adolescent eating disorders: definitions, symptomatology, epidemiology and comorbidity","volume":"18","author":"Herpertz-Dahlmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713000949","article-title":"Treating severe and enduring anorexia nervosa: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"43","author":"Touyz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.618","article-title":"Self-injurious behaviour in people with eating disorders","volume":"13","author":"Solano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v65n0718","article-title":"Alcohol use disorder comorbidity in eating disorders: a multicenter study","volume":"65","author":"Bulik","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03327461","article-title":"Characteristics of bulimic patients whose parents do or do not abuse alcohol","volume":"7","author":"Garc\u00eda-Vilches","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1053\/comp.2002.34628","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and associated psychopathology of 22 patients with kleptomania","volume":"43","author":"Grant","year":"2002","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-108X(200004)27:3<348::AID-EAT13>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Multi-impulsivity among bulimic patients in Japan","volume":"27","author":"Matsunaga","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(92)90042-O","article-title":"Shoplifting in bulimia nervosa","volume":"33","author":"Mitchell","year":"1992","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(96)90012-7","article-title":"Stealing behavior in eating disorders: characteristics and associated psychopathology","volume":"37","author":"Vandereycken","year":"1996","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-108X(199612)20:4<359::AID-EAT3>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Multi-impulsivity among women with bulimia nervosa","volume":"20","author":"Wiederman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord."},{"key":"B31","unstructured":"Two forms of compulsive consumption: comorbidity of compulsive buying and binge eating296304\n            FaberRJ\n            ChristensonGA\n            de ZwaanM\n            MitchellJ\n          J Consum Res.221995"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2010.05.003","article-title":"The relationship between compulsive buying, eating disorder symptoms, and temperament in a sample of female students","volume":"52","author":"Claes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2340","article-title":"Differences and similarities between bulimia nervosa, compulsive buying and gambling disorder","volume":"23","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Murcia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.185","article-title":"Probing compulsive and impulsive behaviors, from animal models to endophenotypes: a narrative review","volume":"35","author":"Fineberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.01.006","article-title":"Diminished frontostriatal activity during processing of monetary rewards and losses in pathological gambling","volume":"71","author":"Balodis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.8.2019.08","article-title":"Spanish validation of the pathological buying screener in patients with eating disorder and gambling disorder","volume":"8","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Aranda","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Behav Addict."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.15.2008","article-title":"Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (MOOSE) group","volume":"283","author":"Stroup","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"b2700","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2700","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration","volume":"339","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement [journal article]","volume":"4","author":"Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst Rev."},{"key":"B40","author":"Mavergames","year":"2013","journal-title":"Covidence (Systematic Review Software)"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.52.6.377","article-title":"The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions","volume":"52","author":"Downs","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Commun Health."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2","article-title":"Meta-analysis in clinical trials","volume":"7","author":"DerSimonian","year":"1986","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials."},{"key":"B43","volume-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 13.","author":"StataCorp","year":"2013"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000221254.77675.f5","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidities of female inpatients with eating disorders","volume":"68","author":"Blinder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychosom Med."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3181646765","article-title":"Suicide attempts in anorexia nervosa","volume":"70","author":"Bulik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychosom Med."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01537545","article-title":"An eight-year follow-up: outcome from adolescent compared to adult onset anorexia nervosa","volume":"25","author":"Casper","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(199109)10:5<593::AID-EAT2260100511>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Trichotillomania and repetitive behavior in bulimia nervosa","volume":"10","author":"Christenson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2004.08.009","article-title":"Trauma and multi-impulsivity in the eating disorders","volume":"8","author":"Corstorphine","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eat Behav."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(80)90012-4","article-title":"The starving hoarder and voracious spender: stealing in anorexia nervosa","volume":"24","author":"Crisp","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res."},{"key":"B50","first-page":"201","article-title":"Aspectos clinicos diferenciales de la bulimia","volume":"19","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psiquis"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.10016","article-title":"Longitudinal comparison of anorexia nervosa subtypes","volume":"31","author":"Eddy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2006.03.002","article-title":"Impulse control disorders in eating disorders: clinical and therapeutic implications","volume":"47","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Aranda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1001837","article-title":"Stehlen bei Anorexia nervosa und Bulimia nervosa [Stealing in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa]","volume":"55","author":"Gerlinghoff","year":"1987","journal-title":"Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370004500508","article-title":"Comparison of shoplifting behaviours in patients with eating disorders, psychiatric control subjects, and undergraduate control subjects","volume":"45","author":"Goldner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie."},{"key":"B55","first-page":"147","article-title":"The prevalence of personality disorders in 210 women with eating disorders","volume":"53","author":"Herzog","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(83)90008-2","article-title":"Phenomenologic relationship of eating disorders to major affective disorder","volume":"9","author":"Hudson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2013.04.014","article-title":"Pathological gambling in eating disorders: prevalence and clinical implications","volume":"54","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Murcia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2400010105","article-title":"Multi-impulsive bulimia: description of an inpatient eclectic treatment programme and a pilot follow-up study of its efficacy","volume":"1","author":"Lacey","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-018-0575-1","article-title":"High prevalence of shoplifting in patients with eating disorders","volume":"23","author":"Miyawaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-1781(00)00157-8","article-title":"Multi-impulsivity of Japanese patients with eating disorders: primary and secondary impulsivity","volume":"94","author":"Nagata","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychiat Res"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-1781(02)00007-0","article-title":"Drug use disorders in Japanese eating disorder patients","volume":"109","author":"Nagata","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NMD.0000066154.83284.E8","article-title":"Repetitive self-mutilation among Japanese eating disorder patients with drug use disorder: comparison with patients with methamphetamine use disorder","volume":"191","author":"Nagata","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(94)00141-q","article-title":"Clinical features of patients with anorexia nervosa: assessment of factors influencing the duration of in-patient treatment","volume":"39","author":"Nozoe","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res."},{"key":"B64","first-page":"371","article-title":"Clinical correlates of anorexia nervosa subtypes","volume":"19","author":"Pryor","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1177\/002076409203800410","article-title":"Stealing in bulimia nervosa","volume":"38","author":"Rowston","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1159\/000288315","article-title":"Clinical features in anorexia nervosa lasting 10 years or more","volume":"52","author":"Takei","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1819.2001.00880.x","article-title":"Outcome of severe anorexia nervosa patients receiving inpatient treatment in Japan: an 8-year follow-up study","volume":"55","author":"Tanaka","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-198308000-00004","article-title":"Psychological and behavioral characteristics of normal-weight bulimics and normal-weight controls","volume":"45","author":"Weiss","year":"1983","journal-title":"Psychosom Med."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-010-9207-z","article-title":"An exploratory study of clinical measures associated with subsyndromal pathological gambling in patients with binge eating disorder","volume":"27","author":"Yip","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Gambl Stud."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20770","article-title":"The significance of repetitive hair-pulling behaviors in eating disorders","volume":"67","author":"Zucker","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.01.007","article-title":"Prevalence of substance use disorder comorbidity among individuals with eating disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"273","author":"Bahji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20599","article-title":"DSM-IV psychiatric disorder comorbidity and its correlates in binge eating disorder","volume":"42","author":"Grilo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/10640260590893700","article-title":"Treatment implications of axis-II comorbidity in eating disorders","volume":"13","author":"Bruce","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eat Disord."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2004.03.007","article-title":"The role of impulsivity in the development of substance use and eating disorders","volume":"28","author":"Dawe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B75","volume-title":"DSM-III: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.","year":"1980"},{"key":"B76","volume-title":"DSM-III-R: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"1987"},{"key":"B77","volume-title":"DSM-IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.","year":"1994"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20115","article-title":"Impulse control disorders and \u201cbehavioural addictions\u201d in the ICD-11","volume":"13","author":"Grant","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Psychiatry."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(198321)2:2<15::AID-EAT2260020203>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Development and validation of a multidimensional eating disorder inventory for anorexia nervosa and bulimia","volume":"2","author":"Garner","year":"1983","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1080\/21662630.2013.840119","article-title":"The Eating Disorder Examination: a semi-structured interview for the assessment of the specific psychopathology of eating disorders","volume":"2","author":"Thomas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Eat Disord."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(199412)16:4<363::AID-EAT2260160405>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Assessment of eating disorders: interview or self-report questionnaire?","volume":"16","author":"Fairburn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1504\/IJBHR.2011.043414","article-title":"Measuring bias in self-reported data","volume":"2","author":"Rosenman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Behav Healthcare Res."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22958","article-title":"Development of the Pica, ARFID, and rumination disorder interview, a multi-informant, semi-structured interview of feeding disorders across the lifespan: a pilot study for ages 10\u201322","volume":"52","author":"Bryant-Waugh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"O56","DOI":"10.1186\/2050-2974-1-S1-O56","article-title":"\u201cIt depends who you ask\u201d: perceptions of the family environment of adolescents presenting to a specialist eating disorders program","volume":"1","author":"Hughes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Eat Disord."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e188","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03325131","article-title":"Concurrent validity of the Disordered Eating Questionnaire (DEQ) with the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) clinical interview in clinical and non clinical samples","volume":"16","author":"Lombardo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(03)00161-X","article-title":"Validity of the eating disorder examination questionnaire (EDE-Q) in screening for eating disorders in community samples","volume":"42","author":"Mond","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(199009)9:5andlt;519::AID-EAT2260090507andgt;3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Validity studies of the eating disorder examination","volume":"9","author":"Rosen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02746","article-title":"The relationship between impulsivity and shame and guilt proneness on the prediction of internalizing and externalizing behaviors","volume":"5","author":"Sanchez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-019-09890-9","article-title":"What can be done to reduce the public stigma of gambling disorder? Lessons from other stigmatised conditions","volume":"36","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Gambling Stud."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3109\/09638237.2015.1101422","article-title":"\u201cYou don't have anorexia, you just want to look like a celebrity\u201d: perceived stigma in individuals with anorexia nervosa","volume":"25","author":"Dimitropoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Mental Health."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.05.006","article-title":"Minnesota Impulse Disorders Interview (MIDI): validation of a structured diagnostic clinical interview for impulse control disorders in an enriched community sample","volume":"265","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.11.2184","article-title":"Impulse control disorders in adult psychiatric inpatients","volume":"162","author":"Grant","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.006","article-title":"Preliminary validity and reliability testing of a structured clinical interview for pathological gambling","volume":"128","author":"Grant","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B94","first-page":"242","article-title":"Compulsive buying: a report of 20 cases","volume":"55","author":"McElroy","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2013.09.004","article-title":"Non-substance addictive behaviors in the context of DSM-5","volume":"39","author":"Potenza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addict Behav."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2011.00001","article-title":"Impulse control disorders: updated review of clinical characteristics and pharmacological management","volume":"2","author":"Schreiber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13977","article-title":"The neurobiology of impulsivity and substance use disorders: implications for treatment","volume":"1451","author":"Kozak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-020-00916-5","article-title":"Impulsive behaviors and clinical outcomes following a flexible intensive inpatient treatment for eating disorders: findings from an observational study","volume":"26","author":"Todisco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord Stud Anorexia Bulimia Obes."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2147\/AHMT.S147480","article-title":"Eating disorders in adolescent and young adult males: prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment strategies","volume":"9","author":"Limbers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adolesc Health Med Therap Volume."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1002-0829.2013.04.003","article-title":"Prevalence of eating disorders in the general population: a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Qian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Shanghai Arch Psychiatry."},{"key":"B101","volume-title":"Impulse Control Disorders","author":"Fariba","year":"2021"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-015-9548-8","article-title":"Risk factors for gambling problems: an analysis by gender","volume":"32","author":"Hing","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Gambl Stud."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2009.12.001","article-title":"Estimated prevalence of compulsive buying in Germany and its association with sociodemographic characteristics and depressive symptoms","volume":"180","author":"Mueller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-14-101","article-title":"Prevalence, sociodemographic factors, psychological distress, and coping strategies related to compulsive buying: a cross sectional study in Galicia, Spain","volume":"14","author":"Otero-L\u00f3pez","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0167365","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167365","article-title":"Gender differences in compulsive buying disorder: assessment of demographic and psychiatric co-morbidities","volume":"11","author":"Nicoli de Mattos","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.077","article-title":"Psychosocial impairment in DSM-5 intermittent explosive disorder","volume":"264","author":"Rynar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.04.012","article-title":"Personality and eating disorders: a decade in review","volume":"25","author":"Cassin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.2478\/v10199-012-0024-9","article-title":"Comorbid drug use disorders and eating disorders\u2014a review of prevalence studies","volume":"29","author":"N\u00f8kleby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nordic Stud Alcoh Drugs."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03327480","article-title":"The comorbidity of eating disorders and personality disorders: a meta-analytic review of studies published between 1983 and 1998","volume":"5","author":"Rosenvinge","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord EWD."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(99)00009-4","article-title":"The relationship between eating disorders and substance use: moving beyond co-prevalence research","volume":"20","author":"Wolfe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.724034\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T02:28:13Z","timestamp":1641436093000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.724034\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"references-count":110,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.724034"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.724034","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"article-number":"724034"}}