{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T01:18:55Z","timestamp":1785806335240,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]],"date-time":"2021-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objectives:<\/jats:bold> Neurocognitive functions might indicate specific pathways in developing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We focus on reward-related dysfunctions and analyze whether reward-related inhibitory control (RRIC), approach motivation, and autonomic reactivity to reward-related stimuli are linked to developing ADHD, while accounting for comorbid symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and callous-unemotional (CU) traits.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> A sample of 198 preschool children (115 boys; age: m = 58, s = 6 months) was re-assessed at age 8 years (m = 101.4, s = 3.6 months). ADHD diagnosis was made by clinical interviews. We measured ODD symptoms and CU traits using a multi-informant approach, RRIC (Snack-Delay task, Gift-Bag task) and approach tendency using neuropsychological tasks, and autonomic reactivity via indices of electrodermal activity (EDA).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Low RRIC and low autonomic reactivity were uniquely associated with ADHD, while longitudinal and cross-sectional links between approach motivation and ADHD were completely explained by comorbid ODD and CU symptoms.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> High approach motivation indicated developing ADHD with ODD and CU problems, while low RRIC and low reward-related autonomic reactivity were linked to developing pure ADHD. The results are in line with models on neurocognitive subtypes in externalizing disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.738368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]],"date-time":"2021-10-22T05:11:08Z","timestamp":1634879468000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Reward-Related Dysfunctions in Children Developing Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder\u2014Roles of Oppositional and Callous-Unemotional Symptoms"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Susan","family":"Schlo\u00df","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friederike","family":"Derz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pia","family":"Schurek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alisa Susann","family":"Cosan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ursula","family":"Pauli-Pott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.20","article-title":"Attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"1","author":"Faraone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Prim."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1315612","article-title":"Conduct disorder and callous-unemotional traits in youth","volume":"371","author":"Blair","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2005.00401.x","article-title":"Varieties of preschool hyperactivity: multiple pathways from risk to disorder","volume":"8","author":"Sonuga-Barke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033076","article-title":"Can callous-unemotional traits enhance the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of serious conduct problems in children and adolescents? 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