{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:11:45Z","timestamp":1790399505112,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Down syndrome (DS) is the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder, with a known genetic cause. Besides facial dysmorphologies and congenital and\/or acquired medical conditions, the syndrome is characterized by intellectual disability, accelerated aging, and an increased likelihood of an early onset Alzheimer's disease in adulthood. These common patterns of DS are derived from the long-held standard in the field of DS research, that describes individuals with DS as a homogeneous group and compares phenotypic outcomes with either neurotypical controls or other neurodevelopmental disorders. This traditional view has changed, as modern research pinpoints a broad variability in both the occurrence and severity of symptoms across DS, arguing for DS heterogeneity and against a single \u201cDS profile.\u201d Nevertheless, prenatal counseling does not often prioritize the awareness of potential within-group variations of DS, portraying only a vague picture of the developmental outcomes of children with DS to expectant parents. This mini-review provides a concise update on existent information about the heterogeneity of DS from a full-spectrum developmental perspective, within an interdisciplinary context. Knowledge on DS heterogeneity will not only enable professionals to enhance the quality of prenatal counseling, but also help parents to set targeted early interventions, to further optimize daily functions and the quality of life of their children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.749046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T06:25:10Z","timestamp":1639463110000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Development of Down Syndrome Research Over the Last Decades\u2013What Healthcare and Education Professionals Need to Know"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Karin","family":"Windsperger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Hoehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20735","article-title":"Updated National Birth Prevalence estimates for selected birth defects in the United States, 2004-2006","volume":"88","author":"Parker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/s41431-020-00748-y","article-title":"Estimation of the number of people with Down syndrome in Europe","volume":"29","author":"de Graaf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genom-090314-050000","article-title":"Noninvasive prenatal genetic testing: current and emerging ethical, legal, and social issues","volume":"16","author":"Minear","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.4134","article-title":"Noninvasive prenatal testing creates an opportunity for antenatal treatment of Down syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Guedj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.33082","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome: how best to deliver the news","author":"Skotko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2021-0204","article-title":"Do non-invasive prenatal tests promote discrimination against people with Down syndrome? 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