{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:28:42Z","timestamp":1790270922703,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019081","name":"Science and Technology Program of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017SK50315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017SK50315"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019081","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019081","name":"Science and Technology Program of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020SK2123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020SK2123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019081","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010451","name":"Health and Family Planning Commission of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B20180484"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B20180484"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010451","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011496","name":"Science and Technology Bureau, Changsha","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["kq2004106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["kq2004106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011496","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abnormal thyroid function in major depressive disorder (MDD) has been studied extensively, but the results still remain inconsistent. In China, few large-scale studies have investigated the differences in the levels of thyroid hormones between patients with MDD and healthy controls (HCs). In this retrospective, cross-sectional study, 535 MDD patients and 998 HCs were included. We compared the levels of thyroid hormones (FT3, FT4, and TSH) between the two groups, as well as investigated the distribution of levels of thyroid hormones within and outside normal ranges. The results showed that all the three hormones were significantly lower in MDD patients than in HCs, which was also true in different gender and age subgroups. The proportion of subjects with levels of all the three hormones outside the normal range in the MDD group was higher than that in the HC group (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). However, no significant difference was found in clinical\/subclinical hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism between the two groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.05). Our study showed that the levels of thyroid hormones were lower in MDD patients, suggesting that there was an association between abnormal thyroid function and depression. The higher rate of thyroid dysfunction in MDD patients indicated the importance of regular monitoring of thyroid function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.750749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T06:08:19Z","timestamp":1634191699000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Comparison of Thyroid Hormone Levels Between Patients With Major Depressive Disorder and Healthy Individuals in China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yanan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuejiao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuxia","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianjin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winson Fu Zun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunfei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinli","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kewei","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tieqiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongfang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31948-2","article-title":"Depression","volume":"392","author":"Malhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-2006-2","article-title":"Association between subclinical hypothyroidism and depression: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Loh","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-018-0490-z","article-title":"Fatigue in patients with major depressive disorder: prevalence, burden and pharmacological approaches to management","volume":"32","author":"Ghanean","year":"2018","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.14m09298","article-title":"The economic burden of adults with major depressive disorder in the United States (2005 and 2010)","volume":"76","author":"Greenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716659416","article-title":"Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) 2016 clinical guidelines for the management of adults with major depressive disorder: section 1. Disease burden and principles of care","volume":"61","author":"Lam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712001511","article-title":"Global variation in the prevalence and incidence of major depressive disorder: a systematic review of the epidemiological literature","volume":"43","author":"Ferrari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1586\/14737167.2016.1102062","article-title":"Prevalence, awareness, and burden of major depressive disorder in urban China","volume":"16","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2005.7.3\/fduval","article-title":"Neuroendocrine predictors of the evolution of depression","volume":"7","author":"Duval","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07455","article-title":"The molecular neurobiology of depression","volume":"455","author":"Krishnan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4530(93)90037-L","article-title":"An evaluation of basal hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis function in depression: results of a large-scaled and controlled study","volume":"18","author":"Maes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2013.05.005","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric manifestations of thyroid disease","volume":"42","author":"Feldman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390591000990","article-title":"Hypothyroidism and major depression: a common executive dysfunction?","volume":"28","author":"Constant","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.183476","article-title":"Prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms among patients with hypothyroidism","volume":"20","author":"Bathla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2006.02.001","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism increases the risk for depression in the elderly","volume":"44","author":"Chueire","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01234-9","article-title":"The association of clinical correlates, metabolic parameters, and thyroid hormones with suicide attempts in first-episode and drug-na\u00efve patients with major depressive disorder comorbid with anxiety: a large-scale cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/15622970500474739","article-title":"Peripheral thyroid dysfunction in depression","volume":"7","author":"Fountoulakis","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7006(04)95439-5","article-title":"[Potentializing of tricyclics and serotoninergics by thyroid hormones in resistant depressive disorders]","volume":"30","author":"Sintzel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Encephale"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-6185(95)00006-A","article-title":"Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in major depression revisited","volume":"56","author":"Fava","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590648","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/590648","article-title":"The link between thyroid function and depression","volume":"2012","author":"Hage","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Thyroid Res"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462004000100012","article-title":"[The relation between thyroid function and depression: a review]","volume":"26","author":"Bahls","year":"2004","journal-title":"Braz J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2002.01250.x","article-title":"An association between depression, anxiety and thyroid function\u2013a clinical fact or an artefact?","volume":"106","author":"Engum","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e31820dcad5","article-title":"Thyroid hormones and depression: the health in Men study","volume":"19","author":"Almeida","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"B23","first-page":"187","article-title":"Epidemiologic study on abnormal thyroid function in patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000168","article-title":"Depressive symptoms and major depressive disorder in patients affected by subclinical hypothyroidism: a cross-sectional study","volume":"202","author":"Demartini","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3109\/08039488.2014.972454","article-title":"Is suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) associated with subclinical depression in the Danish General Suburban Population Study?","volume":"69","author":"Kvetny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nord J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2005.00703.x","article-title":"Lower TSH and higher T4 levels are associated with current depressive syndrome in young adults","volume":"114","author":"Forman-Hoffman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-014-1305-3","article-title":"Level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in patients with acute schizophrenia, unipolar depression or bipolar disorder","volume":"39","author":"Wysoki\u0144ski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1998.8.951","article-title":"The thyroid axis and depression","volume":"8","author":"Jackson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1989.tb46651.x","article-title":"Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH), the thyroid axis, and affective disorder","volume":"553","author":"Nemeroff","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03344150","article-title":"Low T3 syndrome in psychiatric depression","volume":"29","author":"Premachandra","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4530(86)90009-0","article-title":"Influence of free thyroid hormone levels on the TSH response to TRH in endogenous depression","volume":"11","author":"Kirkegaard","year":"1986","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1380001","article-title":"The role of thyroid hormones in depression","volume":"138","author":"Kirkegaard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-145-8-200610170-00006","article-title":"Is subclinical thyroid dysfunction in the elderly associated with depression or cognitive dysfunction?","volume":"145","author":"Roberts","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1240166","article-title":"Free thyroxine and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine levels in cerebrospinal fluid in patients with endogenous depression","volume":"124","author":"Kirkegaard","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol"},{"key":"B35","first-page":"973","article-title":"Thyroid activity in patients with major depression","volume":"32","author":"Stipcevi\u0107","year":"2008","journal-title":"Coll Antropol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199603000-00010","article-title":"Thyroid hormone concentrations in depressed and nondepressed adolescents: group differences and behavioral relations","volume":"35","author":"Dorn","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B37","first-page":"265","article-title":"Study of serum thyroid hormone levels of female patients with depression","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2010.01.005","article-title":"Thyroid axis activity and suicidal behavior in depressed patients","volume":"35","author":"Duval","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.07.029","article-title":"Hair thyroid hormones concentration in patients with depression changes with disease episodes in female Chinese","volume":"220","author":"Wei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.2.8182","article-title":"Serum TSH, T(4), and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)","volume":"87","author":"Hollowell","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-20020801-07","article-title":"A review of gender differences in studies of thyroid function and major depression","volume":"32","author":"MacQueen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychiatr Ann"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12163","article-title":"Female vulnerability for thyroid function abnormality in bipolar disorder: role of lithium treatment","volume":"16","author":"\u00d6zerdem","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2007.12.029","article-title":"Effects of various antidepressants on serum thyroid hormone levels in patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"32","author":"Eker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.750749\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T06:08:25Z","timestamp":1634191705000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.750749\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.750749"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.750749","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"article-number":"750749"}}