{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T01:35:05Z","timestamp":1784770505399,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adolescent high school students may be particularly susceptible to suffering from the effect of isolation, physical distancing restrictions, and school closures imposed during the COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019) pandemic. Given the biological and psychological changes that occur during this period of development, adolescents' experiences of these pandemic measures could significantly threaten their mental health and cause long-term consequences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>The main objectives of the study were to determine the impact of confinement because of the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions on the psychological distress of Moroccan adolescents and identify the risk and protective factors that could influence their mental health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The participants in this study were Moroccan high school students who were recruited at two different times\u2014before the COVID-19 pandemic (350 students, mean age: 16.55 years; 53.71% female; data collected in 2014\/2015) and after the announcement of the pandemic (457 students, mean age: 16.84; 64.1% female; data collected in 2020). Students responded to an anonymous survey that included several validated instruments, such as the Brief Symptom Inventory and the Godin-Shephard Leisure-Time Physical Activity questionary, and elicited information about the students' psychosocial environment, gender, and age. The scores on the Brief Symptom Inventory dimensions from the pre-pandemic period and during 2020 were compared. A comparison between the scores of the two genders of the 2020 sample was also carried out. In addition, binary regression analysis was performed to predict the associations between gender, frequency of physical activity, the presence of the number of negative psychosocial factors, and those dimensions of the Brief Symptom Inventory that significantly changed between the samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Female students reported higher psychological distress than male students in both data collection periods. During the COVID-19 pandemic, students scored significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.001) higher in depression and paranoid ideation, and they scored significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>= 0.01) lower in hostility and anxiety compared with the pre-pandemic period. Female gender and the experience of physical or psychological abuse significantly increased the risk of reporting higher scores in depression and paranoid ideation symptoms during 2020. Moderate and frequent physical activities were significantly and negatively associated with depression (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>= 0.003 and<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>= 0.004; respectively).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study confirms the stressful impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Moroccan high school students, who reported more symptoms of depression and paranoid ideation compared with the pre-COVID-19 period. Female students reported higher psychological distress than male students did. The experience of physical \/psychological abuse during the pandemic worsened mental health, while moderate\/frequent physical activity improved it.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.752539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T11:00:02Z","timestamp":1645441202000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Mental Health Profiles in a Sample of Moroccan High School Students: Comparison Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Abdennour El","family":"Mzadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Btissame","family":"Zouini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N\u00f3ra","family":"Kerekes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meftaha","family":"Senhaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Adolescent Mental Health2020"},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"Considerations in Adjusting Public Health and Social Measures in the Context of COVID-192020"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"The state of health emergency2020"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30460-8","article-title":"The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence","volume":"395","author":"Brooks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720004432","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in mental health and the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from the UK Household Longitudinal Study","volume":"13","author":"Daly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12443","DOI":"10.1111\/appy.12443","article-title":"Factors associated with mental health outcomes among patients with COVID-19 treated in the Fangcang shelter hospital in China","volume":"13","author":"Gu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asia Pac Psychiatry."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30046-8","article-title":"Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed","volume":"7","author":"Xiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiat."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12412","DOI":"10.1111\/appy.12412","article-title":"Status of mental health and its associated factors among the general populace of India during COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"24","author":"Venugopal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asia Pac Psychiatry."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2019.19","article-title":"Prevalence of mental health problems in schools: poverty and other risk factors among 28 000 adolescents in England","volume":"215","author":"Deighton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-020-00329-3","article-title":"Challenges and burden of the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for child and adolescent mental health: a narrative review to highlight clinical and research needs in the acute phase and the long return to normality","volume":"14","author":"Fegert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470479193.adlpsy002004","article-title":"Peer relationships in adolescence","volume-title":"Handbook of Adolescent Psychology: Contextual Influences on Adolescent Development","author":"Brown","year":"2009"},{"key":"B12","unstructured":"Policy Brief: Education During COVID-19 and Beyond2020"},{"key":"B13","unstructured":"Press Release2020"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3481","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17103481","article-title":"Understanding knowledge and behaviors related to CoViD\u221219 epidemic in Italian undergraduate students","volume":"17","author":"Gall\u00e8","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Env Res Public Health"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-016-0432-4","article-title":"The associations between sedentary behaviour and mental health among adolescents: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Hoare","year":"","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mhpa.2017.12.001","article-title":"Reciprocal relationship between sedentary behavior and mood in young adults over one-year duration","volume":"14","author":"DeMello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ment Health Phys Act."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-094157","article-title":"Is there evidence that walking groups have health benefits? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Hanson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"k3446","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k3446","article-title":"Depression is reduced by physical activity, but there's a limit, finds study","volume":"362","author":"Kmietowicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12654","article-title":"Physical activity and depression: a large cross-sectional, population-based study across 36 low- and middle-income countries","volume":"134","author":"Stubbs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2020.05.009","article-title":"Rapid systematic review: the impact of social isolation and loneliness on the mental health of children and adolescents in the context of COVID-19","volume":"59","author":"Loades","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Psychiatr."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30097-3","article-title":"Protecting the psychological health of children through effective communication about COVID-19","volume":"4","author":"Dalton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S67","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.36.COVID19-S4.2759","article-title":"Mental health considerations for children and adolescents in COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"36","author":"Imran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-81232014193.15972013","article-title":"Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder\/PTSD in adolescent victims of sexual abuse: resilience and social support as protection factors","volume":"19","author":"H\u00e9bert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cien Saude Colet."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2017.14.3.372","article-title":"The relationship of sexual abuse with self- esteem, depression, and problematic internet use in Korean adolescents","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-019-0251-5","article-title":"Mental health profile and its relation with parental alcohol use problems and\/or the experience of abuse in a sample of Moroccan high school students: an explorative study","volume":"18","author":"Zouini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669958","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.669958","article-title":"Psychological distress, somatic complaints, and their relation to negative psychosocial factors in a sample of Swedish high school students","volume":"9","author":"Kerekes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.05.031","article-title":"Adolescent stress and symptoms of anxiety and depression: Resilience explains and differentiates the relationships","volume":"203","author":"Anyan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.09.010","article-title":"Psychological maltreatment, emotional and behavioral problems in adolescents: the mediating role of resilience and self-esteem","volume":"52","author":"Arslan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"B29","first-page":"168","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence and age-of onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey Initiative","volume":"6","author":"Kessler","year":"2007","journal-title":"World Psychiatry."},{"key":"B30","unstructured":"The 2nd National Meeting on School and University Health and the Promotion of Youth Health2014"},{"key":"B31","unstructured":"Cooperation Strategy: WHO-Morocco 2017\u201320212016"},{"key":"B32","unstructured":"Analysis of the Situation of Children in Tunisia2020"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2378-5756.1000316","article-title":"The prevalence and risk factors of anxiety disorders in an Egyptian sample of school and students at the age of 12\u201318 years","volume":"18","author":"Ismail","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2139-y","article-title":"Psychological maltreatment and its relationship with self-esteem and psychological stress among adolescents in Tanzania: a community based, cross-sectional study","volume":"19","author":"Mwakanyamale","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2018.147672","article-title":"Loneliness, life satisfaction and psychological distress among out-of-school adolescents in a Nigerian urban city","volume":"23","author":"Okwaraji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Health Med."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2015.00180","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates for psychosocial distress among in-school adolescents in Zambia","volume":"3","author":"Siziya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Public Health."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/s12646-020-00550-2","article-title":"Psychological distress and its associated factors among school-going adolescents in Tanzania","volume":"65","author":"Pengpid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Stud."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2020.101845","article-title":"Miranda D, da Silva Athanasio B, Sena Oliveira AC, Simoes-E-Silva AC. How is COVID-19 pandemic impacting mental health of children and adolescents?","volume":"51","author":"Marques","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"B39","unstructured":""},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700048017","article-title":"The Brief Symptom Inventory: an introductory report","volume":"13","author":"Derogatis","year":"1983","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B41","first-page":"113","article-title":"The Syrian symptom check list","volume":"28","author":"Rudwan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Soc Sci."},{"key":"B42","first-page":"141","article-title":"A simple method to assess exercise behavior in the community","volume":"10","author":"Godin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Can J Appl Sport Sci"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.14288\/hfjc.v4i1.82","article-title":"The Godin\u2013Shephard leisure-time physical activity questionnaire","volume":"4","author":"Godin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Fitness J Canada."},{"key":"B44","first-page":"587","article-title":"Adolescents and self-reported physical activity: an evaluation of the modified Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire","volume":"9","author":"Zelener","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Exer Sci."},{"key":"B45","unstructured":"Declaration of Helsinki\u2014Ethical principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects, Amended by 64th WMA General Assembly, Fortaleza, Brazil2013"},{"key":"B46","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1089\/hs.2020.0062","article-title":"Factors associated with psychological distress and physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"18","author":"Sfendla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Secur."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00887","article-title":"Depressive symptomatology among Norwegian adolescent boys and girls: the patient health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) psychometric properties and correlates","volume":"8","author":"Andreas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1591-4","article-title":"Gender differences in mental health problems among adolescents and the role of social support: results from the Belgian health interview surveys 2008 and 2013","volume":"18","author":"Van Droogenbroeck","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01900","article-title":"Mindfulness, age and gender as protective factors against psychological distress during COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"11","author":"Conversano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.07.133","article-title":"Psychological distress associated with COVID-19 quarantine: latent profile analysis, outcome prediction and mediation analysis","volume":"277","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.113863","article-title":"The prevalence of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and sleep disturbance in higher education students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"301","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8755","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168755","article-title":"Changes in adolescents' psychosocial functioning and wellbeing as a consequence of the long-term COVID-19 restrictions","volume":"18","author":"Kerekes","year":"2021","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9566.2009.01170.x","article-title":"Understanding adolescent mental health: the influence of social processes, doing gender and gendered power relations","volume":"31","author":"Landstedt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sociol Health Illness."},{"key":"B55","first-page":"431","article-title":"Gender differences in psychosocial risk factors among Slovenian adolescents","volume":"35","author":"Tomori","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adolescence"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.150205","article-title":"Why is depression more prevalent in women?","volume":"40","author":"Albert","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19960304)366:2<223::AID-CNE3>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Quantitative MRI of the temporal lobe, amygdala, and hippocampus in normal human development: ages 4\u201318 years","volume":"366","author":"Giedd","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11851","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3565-07.2007","article-title":"Stress and disease: is being female a predisposing factor?","volume":"27","author":"Becker","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1017\/S1740925X05000086","article-title":"Steroid-induced hippocampal synaptic plasticity: sex differences and similarities","volume":"1","author":"Romeo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron Glia Biol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.05.007","article-title":"Stressful life events and depressive problems in early adolescent boys and girls: the influence of parental depression, temperament and family environment","volume":"105","author":"Bouma","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp3501_9","article-title":"Differential exposure and reactivity to interpersonal stress predict sex differences in adolescent depression","volume":"35","author":"Shih","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.00997.x","article-title":"Sex differences I n adolescent depression: stress exposure and reactivity models","volume":"78","author":"Hankin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2010.11.010","article-title":"Stress symptoms among adolescents: the role of subjective psychosocial conditions, lifestyle, and self-esteem","volume":"34","author":"Schraml","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Adolesc."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.112890","article-title":"Gender and secular trends in adolescent mental health over 24 years\u2014the role of school-related stress","volume":"250","author":"H\u00f6gberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2008017","article-title":"Mental health and the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"383","author":"Pfefferbaum","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3451","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2020.8646","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on mental health of healthcare professionals","volume":"19","author":"Tsamakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med."},{"key":"B67","unstructured":"COVID-19's Impact on College Student Mental Health2020"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2018.37","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress, depression, and coping following the 2015 Nepal earthquake: a study on adolescents","volume":"13","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Disaster Med Public Health Prep"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113598","article-title":"Stress and coping during COVID-19 pandemic: result of an online survey","volume":"295","author":"Kar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577639","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.577639","article-title":"Media for coping during COVID-19 social distancing: stress, anxiety, and psychological well-being","volume":"11","author":"Eden","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780190072216.013.11","article-title":"Binge-watching as case of escapist entertainment use","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Entertainment Theory.","author":"Halfmann","year":"2021"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1093\/joc\/jqaa001","article-title":"Media prescriptions: exploring the therapeutic effects of entertainment media on stress relief, illness symptoms, and goal attainment","volume":"70","author":"Prestin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Commun."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650220939778","article-title":"Using media for coping: a scoping review","volume":"2020","author":"Wolfers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun Res."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113396","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general Chinese population: changes, predictors and psychosocial correlates","volume":"293","author":"Gongxia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2020.0478","article-title":"How adolescents use social media to cope with feelings of loneliness and anxiety during COVID-19 lockdown","volume":"24","author":"Cauberghe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.02.001","article-title":"Associations between feelings\/behaviors during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown and depression\/anxiety after lockdown in a sample of Chinese children and adolescents","volume":"284","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-020-01332-9","article-title":"Risk and protective factors for prospective changes in adolescent mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"50","author":"Magson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3390\/adolescents1010002","article-title":"Reported changes in adolescent psychosocial functioning during the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"1","author":"Kapetanovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adolescents."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-021-00693-5","article-title":"Study problems and depressive symptoms in adolescents during the COVID-19 outbreak: poor parent-child relationship as a vulnerability","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob Health."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1037\/cbs0000215","article-title":"Physically isolated but socially connected: psychological adjustment and stress among adolescents during the initial COVID-19 crisis","volume":"52","author":"Ellis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can J Behav Sci."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113264","article-title":"Adolescent psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown","volume":"291","author":"Guessoum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721413476512","article-title":"The teenage brain: sensitivity to social evaluation","volume":"22","author":"Somerville","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.544565","article-title":"A temporal network approach to paranoia: a pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Contreras","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/bs10080122","article-title":"Details of the contents of paranoid thoughts in help-seeking adolescents with psychotic-like experiences and continuity with bullying and victimization: a pilot study","volume":"10","author":"Catone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav Sci."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2021.111058","article-title":"The relationship between shyness and aggression in late childhood: the multiple mediation effects of parent\u2013child conflict and self-control","volume":"182","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pers Individ Differ."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.4236\/psych.2016.75071","article-title":"A literature review on the connection between stress and self-esteem","volume":"7","author":"Galanakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychology."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-015-0385-1","article-title":"Roles of attachment and self-esteem: impact of early life stress on depressive symptoms among Japanese institutionalized children","volume":"15","author":"Suzuki","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2009.06.009","article-title":"Symptoms of depression and anxiety mediate the relationship between self-esteem and paranoia","volume":"115","author":"Ben-Zeev","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1002\/per.794","article-title":"Is paranoia a defence against or an expression of low self-Esteem?","volume":"25","author":"Cicero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Pers."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12263","article-title":"Deconstructing the relationships between self-esteem and paranoia in early psychosis: an experience sampling study","volume":"59","author":"Monsonet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589444","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.589444","article-title":"Psychological health issues subsequent to SARS-CoV 2 restrictive measures: the role of parental bonding and attachment style","volume":"11","author":"Bussone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-020-01933-6","article-title":"Parenting behaviour and paranoia: a network analysis and results from the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescents (NCS-A)","volume":"56","author":"Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104680","article-title":"Do suicide rates in children and adolescents change during school closure in Japan? The acute effect of the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic on child and adolescent mental health","volume":"110","author":"Isumi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104699","article-title":"Stress and parenting during the global COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"110","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-020-00200-1","article-title":"Mediating effects of parental stress on harsh parenting and parent-child relationship during coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in Singapore","volume":"2020","author":"Chung","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Fam Violence"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.5.505","article-title":"Iacono, W. Parent-child conflict and the comorbidity among childhood externalizing disorders","volume":"60","author":"Burt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.12.001","article-title":"Parental physical and psychological aggression: psychological symptoms in young adults","volume":"33","author":"Miller-Perrin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.17759\/pse.2020250606","article-title":"Interpersonal sensitivity in the period of self-isolation and its role in the choice of social distancing measures","volume":"25","author":"Polskaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Sci Educ."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3754702","article-title":"COVID-19 restrictions, emerging adulthood and higher education in Kazakhstan\u2013mental health impacts on students","volume":"2020","author":"Simpson","year":"2020","journal-title":"SSRN Electron J."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.02201","article-title":"Psychological consequences of social isolation during COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"11","author":"Pietrabissa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B101","first-page":"13","article-title":"Israeli adolescents' norms of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI)","volume":"31","author":"Canetti","year":"1994","journal-title":"Israel J Psychiatry Related Sci."},{"key":"B102","first-page":"339","article-title":"Understanding the consequences for childhood victimization","volume-title":"Treatment of Child Abuse.","author":"Widom","year":"2000"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.12.003","article-title":"Emotional abuse in a sample of multiply maltreated, urban young adolescents: issues of definition and identification","volume":"33","author":"Trickett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61706-7","article-title":"Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries","volume":"373","author":"Gilbert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-014-9961-y","article-title":"Detained male adolescent offender's emotional, physical, and sexual maltreatment profiles and their associations to psychiatric disorders and criminal behaviors","volume":"43","author":"Aebi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1159\/000446810","article-title":"The harm of contact and non-contact sexual abuse: health-related quality of life and mental health in a population sample of Swiss adolescents","volume":"85","author":"Landolt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2016.11.026","article-title":"The moderating role of resiliency on the negative effects of childhood abuse for adolescent girls involved in child welfare","volume":"73","author":"Tlapek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev."},{"key":"B108","volume-title":"Youth Victimization: Prevalence and Implications","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2003"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.4040\/jkan.2015.45.5.752","article-title":"Effect of adolescents' abuse experience on suicidal ideation: focused on moderated mediation effect of self-esteem on depression and anxiety","volume":"45","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Korean Acad Nurs."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.09.006","article-title":"Associations between depression and specific childhood experiences of abuse and neglect: a meta-analysis","volume":"190","author":"Infurna","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B111","first-page":"256","article-title":"Parental psychological abuse toward children and mental health problems in adolescence","volume":"30","author":"Iram Rizvi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579401004126","article-title":"Child abuse and neglect and the development of mental disorders in the general population","volume":"13","author":"Cohen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-1789(00)00022-7","article-title":"Risk factors for psychological abuse","volume":"6","author":"Black","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Behav."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2020","article-title":"Mental health problems among Chinese adolescents during the COVID-19: the importance of nutrition and physical activity","volume":"21","author":"Chi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Clin Health Psychol."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30034-1","article-title":"Depressive symptoms and objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behaviour throughout adolescence: a prospective cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Kandola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.2991\/jegh.k.200908.001","article-title":"Is physical activity associated with mental health among Chinese adolescents during isolation in COVID-19 pandemic?","volume":"11","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2020.02.001","article-title":"Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): the need to maintain regular physical activity while taking precautions","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20161642","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1642","article-title":"Physical activity for cognitive and mental health in youth: a systematic review of mechanisms","volume":"138","author":"Lubans","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.09.040","article-title":"Physical activity and depression: towards understanding the antidepressant mechanisms of physical activity","volume":"107","author":"Kandola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci3010039","article-title":"Exercise benefits brain function: the monoamine connection","volume":"3","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.10.014","article-title":"Neurobiological evidence of longer-term physical activity interventions on mental health outcomes and cognition in young people: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials","volume":"120","author":"Heinze","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199701000-00009","article-title":"Effects of acute physical exercise on central serotonergic systems","volume":"29","author":"Chaouloff","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2009.01049.x","article-title":"An examination of serotonin and psychological variables in the relationship between exercise and mental health","volume":"21","author":"Wipfli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2016.00036","article-title":"Exercise, physical activity, and sedentary behavior in the treatment of depression: broadening the scientific perspectives and clinical opportunities","volume":"7","author":"Hallgren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090185","article-title":"Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: a review of reviews","volume":"45","author":"Biddle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Sports."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-381984-0.10004-9","article-title":"Self-report instruments and methods","volume-title":"Handbook of Traffic Psychology","author":"Lajunen","year":"2011"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1086\/318638","article-title":"The effects of response rate changes on the index of consumer sentiment","volume":"64","author":"Curtin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Public Opin Q."},{"key":"B128","first-page":"197","article-title":"Evaluating nonresponse error in mail surveys","volume-title":"Survey Nonresponse","author":"Moore","year":"2002"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1086\/317761","article-title":"Experiments with incentives in telephone surveys","volume":"64","author":"Singer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Public Opin Q."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.752539\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T22:52:39Z","timestamp":1726699959000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.752539\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]},"references-count":129,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.752539"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.752539","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]},"article-number":"752539"}}