{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T23:58:36Z","timestamp":1768435116044,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To explore the relationship between negative affect, mind-wandering, rumination and obsessive-compulsive symptoms, 100 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and 100 healthy controls were assessed using the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Mind Wandering Scale and the Ruminative Response Scale. The results show that (i) patients diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder displayed higher obsessive-compulsive symptoms, negative affect, mind-wandering and rumination compared with healthy controls; (ii) negative affect, mind-wandering and rumination were positively correlated with the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms; (iii) mind-wandering predicted the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (both directly and indirectly); (iv) rumination and negative affect mediated the relationship between mind-wandering and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. The results preliminarily reveal the relationship between mind-wandering and psychopathological obsessive-compulsive symptoms, providing a reference for exploring novel psychological treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.755159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T05:46:09Z","timestamp":1634190369000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Mediating Role of Rumination and Negative Affect in the Effect of Mind-Wandering on Symptoms in Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Pengchong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenwen","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangyun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fanqiang","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhanjiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2018.07.007","article-title":"Clinical predictors of quality of life in a large sample of adult obsessive-compulsive disorder outpatients","volume":"86","author":"Patricia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2018.06.001","article-title":"When our train of thought goes off track: The different facets of out-of-context thoughts in obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"18","author":"Fradkin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00101-2","article-title":"Two different types of obsession: autogenous obsessions and reactive obsessions","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/ap.12186","article-title":"Still cognitive after all these years? Perspectives for a cognitive behavioural theory of obsessions and where we are 30 years later Australian","volume":"51","author":"Salkovskis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychologist."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00049-2","article-title":"Understanding and treating obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"37","author":"Salkovskis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Behaviour Research & Therapy."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2017.03.001","article-title":"Associations between rumination and obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions","volume":"113","author":"Raines","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.113","article-title":"Mind-wandering as spontaneous thought: a dynamic framework","volume":"17","author":"Christoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2012.05.013","article-title":"Mindwandering heightens the accessibility of negative relative to positive thought","volume":"21","author":"Marchetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1037\/cns0000182","article-title":"Depression, anxiety, and stress and the distinction between intentional and unintentional mind wandering","volume":"6","author":"Seli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-019-01275-2","article-title":"Mind-wandering content differentially translates from lab to daily life and relates to subjective stress experience","volume":"85","author":"Linz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00131","article-title":"Self-generated thoughts and depression: from daydreaming to depressive symptoms","volume":"8","author":"Marchetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1192439","article-title":"A wandering mind is an unhappy mind","volume":"330","author":"Killingsworth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00891","article-title":"The era of the wandering mind? Twenty-first century research on self-generated mental activity","volume":"4","author":"Callard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-016-0756-3","article-title":"Intrusive thoughts: Linking spontaneous mind wandering and OCD symptomatology","volume":"81","author":"Seli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Res."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2010.482985","article-title":"Relations between a ruminative thinking style and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in non-clinical samples","volume":"24","author":"Wahl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anxiety, Stress, & Coping."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.32598\/ijpcp.24.2.202","article-title":"The role of spontaneous mind-wandering and dispositional mindfulness in predicting obsession symptoms in the college students","volume":"24","author":"Mahmood Aliloo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iranian J Psychiat Clinical Psychol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2020.100537","article-title":"Not all intrusions are created equal: The role of context, feared-self perceptions and inferential confusion in the occurrence of abnormal intrusions","volume":"26","author":"Audet","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702615622383","article-title":"Spontaneous thought and vulnerability to mood disorders: The dark side of the wandering mind","volume":"4","author":"Marchetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2013.05.003","article-title":"Flexibility as the key for somatic health: From mind wandering to perseverative cognition","volume":"94","author":"Ottaviani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Psychol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x","article-title":"Rethinking rumination","volume":"3","author":"Nolen-Hoeksema","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Sci."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702613489668","article-title":"Rest-related dynamics of risk and protective factors for depression: a behavioral study","volume":"1","author":"Marchetti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1007\/s10942-009-0098-9","article-title":"Depressive rumination and co-morbidity: evidence for brooding as a transdiagnostic process","volume":"27","author":"Watkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000677","article-title":"Rumination about obsessive symptoms and mood maintains obsessive-compulsive symptoms and depressed mood: an experimental study","volume":"130","author":"Wahl","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Abnormal Psychol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2043808720912583","DOI":"10.1177\/2043808720912583","article-title":"Effects of rumination on unwanted intrusive thoughts: A replication and extension","volume":"11","author":"Koll\u00e1rik","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Exp Psychopathol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2018.02.002","article-title":"Rumination on unwanted intrusive thoughts affects the urge to neutralize in nonclinical individuals","volume":"20","author":"Wahl","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1080\/13651501.2017.1351991","article-title":"Relationships between obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression and functioning before and after exposure and response prevention therapy","volume":"22","author":"Motivala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60240-3","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"374","author":"Abramowitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-020-00330-9","article-title":"Balanced Time Perspective and Life Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of \u201cTemporal Negative Affect\u201d","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Happiness Studies."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.134.2.163","article-title":"Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought","volume":"134","author":"Watkins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol Bull."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.04.021","article-title":"Improvement in anxiety and depression symptoms following cognitive behavior therapy for pediatric obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"276","author":"Rozenman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-012-0157-7","article-title":"The relationship between wandering mind, depression and mindfulness","volume":"5","author":"Deng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mindfulness."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2010.12.006","article-title":"Rumination as a transdiagnostic factor in depression and anxiety","volume":"49","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-13-250","article-title":"Rumination, anxiety, depressive symptoms and subsequent depression in adolescents at risk for psychopathology: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.2190\/AE18-AD1V-YF7L-EKBX","article-title":"Rumination, dysphoria, and subjective experience","volume":"24","author":"Smallwood","year":"2005","journal-title":"Imagin Cogn Pers."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12186","article-title":"Dissociative absorption, mind-wandering, and attention-deficit symptoms: Associations with obsessive-compulsive symptoms","volume":"58","author":"Soffer-Dudek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Clini Psychol."},{"key":"B36","first-page":"22","article-title":"The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10","volume":"59","author":"Sheehan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clini Psychiat."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110054008","article-title":"The yale-brown obsessive compulsive scale II validity","volume":"46","author":"Goodman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.14.4.485","article-title":"The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version","volume":"14","author":"Foa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Assess."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-11-129","article-title":"The Chinese version of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised scale: replication and extension to non-clinical and clinical individuals with OCD symptoms","volume":"11","author":"Peng","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"B40","volume-title":"Beck Anxiety Inventory: BAI","author":"Beck","year":"1993"},{"key":"B41","first-page":"4","article-title":"A Study of psychometric properties, normative scores and factor structure of beck anxiety inventory Chinese version","volume":"10","author":"Kin-Wing","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chin J Clini Psychol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12932","article-title":"Psychometric properties and validity of Beck Depression Inventory II in multiple sclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Sacco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"key":"B43","first-page":"476","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of Beck Depression Inventory-II among depression patients","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin Ment Health J."},{"key":"B44","first-page":"27","article-title":"The Chinese version of ruminative responses scale in high school students: its reliability and validity","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin J Clini Psychol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1009-6574.2011.06.002","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of rumination response scale in depressed patients","volume":"11","author":"Qin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci Mental Health."},{"key":"B46","first-page":"175","article-title":"Daydreaming, imaginal processes, and personality: a normative study","volume-title":"The nature and function of imagery","author":"Sheehan","year":"1972"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/09291016.2013.790651","article-title":"Chronotype and time-of-day correlates of mind wandering and related phenomena","volume":"45","author":"Carciofo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Rhythm Res."},{"key":"B48","article-title":"Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach","author":"Hayes","year":"2017"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.11.080","article-title":"Patients with OCD report lower quality of life after controlling for expert-rated symptoms of depression and anxiety","volume":"260","author":"Jahangard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010814-015331","article-title":"The science of mind wandering: empirically navigating the stream of consciousness","volume":"66","author":"Smallwood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2018.09.003","article-title":"The impact of symptom severity on cognitive function in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis","volume":"67","author":"Abramovitch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.04.014","article-title":"A neural network model of individual differences in task switching abilities","volume":"62","author":"Herd","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1131295","article-title":"Wandering minds: the default network and stimulus-independent thought","volume":"315","author":"Mason","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713002250","article-title":"Default network connectivity as a vulnerability marker for obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"44","author":"Peng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2017.05.002","article-title":"Developmental and clinical predictors of comorbidity for youth with obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"93","author":"Peris","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20481","article-title":"Correlates and mediators of functional disability in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"26","author":"Storch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2012.10.006","article-title":"Quality of life in obsessive-compulsive disorder: the role of mediating variables","volume":"206","author":"Kugler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B58","first-page":"69","article-title":"Comparing attentional control and intrusive thoughts in obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and non-clinical population","author":"Moradi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iranian J Psychiat."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.06.014","article-title":"Impact of rumination versus distraction on anxiety and maladaptive self-beliefs in socially anxious individuals","volume":"47","author":"Wong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005587311498","article-title":"Worry and rumination: repetitive thought as a concomitant and predictor of negative mood","volume":"24","author":"Segerstrom","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cognit Ther Res."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000250","article-title":"Brief mindfulness meditation training reduces mind wandering: the critical role of acceptance","volume":"17","author":"Rahl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emotion."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1177\/0033294116686036","article-title":"Does mind wandering mediate the association between mindfulness and negative mood?","volume":"120","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"A preliminary study Psychological Reports."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.755159\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T05:46:21Z","timestamp":1634190381000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.755159\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.755159"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.755159","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"article-number":"755159"}}