{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:59:10Z","timestamp":1777899550218,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Child abuse during childhood and the presence of parental alcohol abuse increase the risk of developing mental illness in children, as well as the risk of violent behavior in adulthood. The association of these factors has not been sufficiently investigated when it comes to forensic mental patients. In this study, we examined the impact of traumatic events in childhood and the presence of mental illness and alcohol abuse of parents in subjects with psychosis and schizophrenia who committed serious crimes.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> One-hundred and forty-three respondents were included in the current study. Information on childhood abuse was collected by Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). The sample included participants diagnosed with psychotic disorders and schizophrenia with a history of violent behavior (PSCH-V, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 20), patients diagnosed with psychotic disorders and schizophrenia without a history of violent behavior (Non-V-PSCH, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 51), and healthy control patients (HC, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 72). Participants were diagnosed according to the ICD 10 classification system. MINI and CAINS scales were used to confirm the diagnosis. Data on sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were collected. Differences between groups in terms of traumatic events in childhood as well as parental alcohol abuse are presented and analyzed, using descriptive statistical values and nonparametric techniques of inferential statistics.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Statistically significant differences were obtained for total scores (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 28.522, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) as well as for (1) major upheaval between the parents (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 20.739, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001), (2) being victim of violence\u2014other than sexual (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 12.701, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01), and (3) other major upheaval that may have shaped life or personality significantly (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 30.920, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001). PSCH-V, compared to HC, had greater exposure to all of the three domains of childhood trauma (<jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic> = 396.500, 436.500, and 376.000, respectively; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001). Similar results were obtained when Non V-PSCH were compared with HC (<jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic> = 1,223.000, 1,535.000, and 999.000, respectively; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001). The results indicated statistically insignificant differences between PSCH-V and Non-V-PSCH in having a family history of mental illness. On the other hand, family history of mental illness was less present in HC compared to PSCH-V (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 24.238, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) and Non V-PSCH (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 14.456, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001). The presence of parental alcohol abuse was predominantly present in the PSCH-V group (60%) while a significantly lower presence was found in the Non-V PSCH group (35%) and HC (5.5%).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Both PSCH-V and Non-V-PSCH groups had a high degree of exposure to traumatic events in childhood compared to the HC. In PSCH-V, the presence of parental alcohol abuse compared to Non-V-PSCH was dominant. Mental illness coupled with a history of violent behavior represents a factor of polyvictimization, which may increase the likelihood of violent behavior of offspring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.765279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T11:09:50Z","timestamp":1638443390000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Intergeneration Transmission of Violence in Forensic Patients With a Diagnosis of Schizophrenia and Psychosis: Was Parental Alcoholic Abuse a Significant Factor?"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Milena","family":"Petrovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lidija","family":"Injac Stevovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00383","article-title":"Childhood trauma in persons with schizophrenia and a history of interpersonal violence","volume":"11","author":"Storvestre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628734","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.628734","article-title":"Strong associations between childhood victimisation and community violence in male forensic mental health patients","volume":"11","author":"Fosse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000147","article-title":"Clarifying the link between childhood abuse history and psychopathic traits in adult criminal offenders","volume":"7","author":"Dargis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Personal Disord."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13118","article-title":"Childhood adversity and borderline personality disorder: a meta-analysis","volume":"141","author":"Porter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.01.047","article-title":"Childhood adversity and conduct disorder: a developmental pathway to violence in schizophrenia","volume":"172","author":"Oakley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.9.1523","article-title":"The social-environmental context of violent behavior in persons treated for severe mental illness","volume":"92","author":"Swanson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.12.028","article-title":"Childhood trauma, antisocial personality typologies and recent violent acts among inpatient males with severe mental illness: exploring an explanatory pathway","volume":"162","author":"Bruce","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2639","article-title":"Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition","volume":"10","author":"Lupien","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1037\/ort0000063","article-title":"Risk for behaviour problems in children of parents with substance use disorders","volume":"85","author":"Bountress","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Orthopsychiatr."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579408000096","article-title":"Longitudinal relations between parental drinking problems, family functioning and child adjustment","volume":"20","author":"Keller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.2478\/nsad-2013-0030","article-title":"Mothers who abuse alcohol and drugs: health and social harms among substance-abusing mothers of small children in three child cohorts","volume":"30","author":"Holmila","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nord Stud Alcohol Drugs."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(01)00293-9","article-title":"Growing up with parental alcohol abuse: exposure to childhood abuse. 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