{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T14:49:40Z","timestamp":1781189380722,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018R1D1A1B07041091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018R1D1A1B07041091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021S1A5A8062526"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021S1A5A8062526"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study provided baseline data for preventing depression in female older adults living alone by understanding the degree of their depressive disorders and factors affecting these depressive disorders by analyzing epidemiological survey data representing South Koreans. To achieve the study objective, this study explored the main risk factors of depressive disorders using the stacking ensemble machine technique. Moreover, this study developed a nomogram that could help primary physicians easily interpret high-risk groups of depressive disorders in primary care settings based on the major predictors derived from machine learning. This study analyzed 582 female older adults (\u226560 years old) living alone. The depressive disorder, a target variable, was measured using the Korean version of Patient Health Questionnaire-9. This study developed five single predictive models (GBM, Random Forest, Adaboost, SVM, XGBoost) and six stacking ensemble models (GBM + Bayesian regression, RandomForest + Bayesian regression, Adaboost + Bayesian regression, SVM + Bayesian regression, XGBoost + Bayesian regression, GBM + RandomForest + Adaboost + SVM + XGBoost + Bayesian regression) to predict depressive disorders. The naive Bayesian nomogram confirmed that stress perception, subjective health, n-6 fatty acid, n-3 fatty acid, mean hours of sitting per day, and mean daily sleep hours were six major variables related to the depressive disorders of female older adults living alone. Based on the results of this study, it is required to evaluate the multiple risk factors for depression including various measurable factors such as social support.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.773290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T07:00:31Z","timestamp":1641538831000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Developing a Predictive Model for Depressive Disorders Using Stacking Ensemble and Naive Bayesian Nomogram: Using Samples Representing South Korea"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Haewon","family":"Byeon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.15656\/kjcg.2017.18.1.8","article-title":"Senior friendly hospital: a new paradigm for the hospital-based care of the elderly","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kor J Clin Geriatr."},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Estimation of Future Household. 2017-2047","year":"2019"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igx004.2450","article-title":"Best practices of active aging as a community model in Korea","volume":"1","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Innov Aging."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.21215\/kjfp.2019.9.3.247","article-title":"Health behaviors and lifestyle patterns of elderly living alone in Korea","volume":"9","author":"Joo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Korean J Fam Pract"},{"key":"B5","volume-title":"Results of Future Population Projections","year":"2020"},{"key":"B6","volume-title":"Survey of the Elderly","year":"2017"},{"key":"B7","volume-title":"Depression Statistics","year":"2019"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3390\/geriatrics2040035","article-title":"The gender difference in depression: are elderly women at greater risk for depression than elderly men?","volume":"2","author":"Girgus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geriatrics"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/13607860600641150","article-title":"Living alone and depression in Chinese older adults","volume":"10","author":"Chou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18136986","article-title":"The role of social isolation and the development of depression. A comparison of the widowed and married oldest old in Germany","volume":"18","author":"F\u00f6rster","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.4040\/jkan.2001.31.6.1012","article-title":"Physical health status and depression of a community-dwelling elderly group","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Korean Acad Nurs Adm."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2850.2009.01465.x","article-title":"Older women's experiences of depression: a hermeneutic phenomenological study","volume":"16","author":"Allan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2850","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17082850","article-title":"Association rule learning is an easy and efficient method for identifying profiles of traumas and stressors that predict psychopathology in disaster survivors: the example of Sri Lanka","volume":"17","author":"Jayawickreme","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7625","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147625","article-title":"Exploring factors for predicting anxiety disorders of the elderly living alone in South Korea using interpretable machine learning: a population-based study","volume":"18","author":"Byeon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging7060100","article-title":"Comparing stacking ensemble techniques to improve musculoskeletal fracture image classification","volume":"7","author":"Kandel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Imaging."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11070645","article-title":"Development of a nomogram for predicting depression in the elderly using Patient Health Questionnaire-9 among a nationwide sample of Korean elderly","volume":"11","author":"Byeon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"B17","first-page":"119","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)","volume":"6","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anxiety Mood"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.18.1737","article-title":"Patient Health Questionnaire primary care study group. Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study","volume":"282","author":"Spitzer","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2020.01.007","article-title":"Independent relationships between different domains of physical activity and depressive symptoms among 60,202 Brazilian adults","volume":"64","author":"Werneck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2013.09.005","article-title":"Physical activity and depressive symptoms in older adults","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geriatr Nurs."},{"key":"B21","first-page":"114","article-title":"Standardization of the Korean version of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 as a screening instrument for major depressive disorder","volume":"28","author":"Choi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Korean J Fam Med."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020380","article-title":"Ensemble learning to improve the prediction of fetal macrosomia and Large-for-Gestational Age","volume":"9","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2018.12.21.2","article-title":"Review of machine learning algorithms for diagnosing mental illness","volume":"16","author":"Cho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00329","article-title":"Random forest algorithm for the classification of neuroimaging data in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Sarica","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2019.117242","article-title":"Estimating hourly and continuous ground-level PM2","volume":"223","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos Environ."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125thm","DOI":"10.14569\/IJACSA.2021.0120516","article-title":"Exploring factors associated with the social discrimination experience of children from multicultural families in South Korea by using stacking with non-linear algorithm","volume":"12","author":"Byeon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30116-5_32","article-title":"Nomograms for visualization of naive bayesian classifier. In European conference on principles of data mining and knowledge discovery","volume":"3202","author":"Mo\u017dina","year":"2004","journal-title":"Knowl Discov Datab."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12307","article-title":"Association of perceived stress with depressive symptoms in older Taiwanese: results of a population-based study","volume":"15","author":"Tsai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.21032\/jhis.2020.45.2.165","article-title":"Factors influencing depressive symptoms in the elderly: using the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VII-1)","volume":"45","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Health Info Stat."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.113738","article-title":"Physical activity and depression in older adults: the knowns and unknowns","volume":"297","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.16.3.414","article-title":"Correlates of subjective health in older adults: a meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Pinquart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychol Aging."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.12811\/kshsm.2012.6.2.179","article-title":"The effects of the elderly's subjective health perceptions and quality of life on their depression and suicide ideation","volume":"6","author":"Oh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Korean J heal serv Manag."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12138","article-title":"Sleep correlates of depression and anxiety in an elderly Asian population","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.5706","article-title":"Management of depression in older adults: a review","volume":"317","author":"Kok","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S130670","article-title":"Suicide in older adults: current perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Conejero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89102010000400020","article-title":"Suicide in elderly people: a literature review","volume":"44","author":"Minayo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Saude Publica."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1177\/1757975919854301","article-title":"Development of the Korean Global Physical Activity Questionnaire: reliability and validity study","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob Health Promot."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.773290\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T07:00:39Z","timestamp":1641538839000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.773290\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.773290"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.773290","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"article-number":"773290"}}