{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T07:07:44Z","timestamp":1781334464647,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Parental mental health problems is a common source of concern reported to child welfare and protection services (CWPS). In this study we explored to what extent the child was invited to participate in the investigation process. We aimed to study: (a) what was the current practice in the child protection service in Norway when the CWPS received a report of concern about children whose parents were affected by mental health problems or substance abuse, (b) to what extent were children involved and consulted, (c) which factors predicted the decision to involve the children, and (d) in cases in which conversations with children were conducted: what was the main content of the conversations.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Method:<\/jats:bold> The study was a cross-sectional case file study (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 1,123). Data were collected retrospectively from case records in 16 different child protection agencies. The cases were randomly drawn from all referrals registered in the participating agencies. Differences in how investigations were conducted in cases with and without concerns about parental mental health were analyzed using <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>-tests and chi-square testes. Predictors of child involvement in cases with parental mental health problems (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 324) were estimated by logistic regression analyses.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> When the referral to the CWPS contained concerns about parental mental health, there were more consultations with parents, more frequent home visits and the investigation took longer to conclude. The children, however, were less likely to be involved. Children in such cases were consulted in 47.5% of cases. Predictors for involving the children in those cases were child age, concern about the child's emotional problems and if the child was known from previous referrals.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> In Norwegian child protection investigations, in which there were concerns about the parent's mental health, conversations with children were conducted to a significantly lower degree compared to cases where the child's problem was the main concern. In such cases, the CWPS workers have to overcome a threshold before they consult with the child. The threshold decreases with child age and when case worker already knows the child.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.784022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T07:08:38Z","timestamp":1641539318000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Do the Child Welfare and Protection Services Involve Children in Cases With Parental Mental Health Problems? A Norwegian Case-File Study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Svein Arild","family":"Vis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Lauritzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d8ivin","family":"Christiansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Reedtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2019.216","article-title":"Effects of parental mental illness on children's physical health: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"217","author":"Pierce","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00915","article-title":"Editorial: Parents with Mental and\/or Substance Use Disorders and Their Children","volume":"10","author":"Nicholson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"238","author":"Reupert","year":"2015"},{"key":"B4","unstructured":"Changes in the law2009"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2206.2010.00743.x","article-title":"Participation and health\u2013a research review of child participation in planning and decision-making","volume":"16","author":"Vis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Child Fam Soc Work."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00507","article-title":"Identification of and support for children of mentally ill parents: a 5 year follow-up study of adult mental health services","volume":"9","author":"Lauritzen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.5694\/mjao11.11285","article-title":"Family matters: infants, toddlers and preschoolers of parents affected by mental illness. early interventions targeting adverse influences on young children and their parents can improve children's outcomes","volume":"1","author":"Kowalenko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.5694\/mjao11.11145","article-title":"Intervention programs for children whose parents have a mental illness: a review","volume":"1","author":"Reupert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med J Aust."},{"key":"B9","volume-title":"N\u00e5r foreldre er psykisk syke","author":"Mevik","year":"2002"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2017.06.026","article-title":"Expert views of children's knowledge needs regarding parental mental illness","volume":"79","author":"Grove","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child. Youth Serv. Rev."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1111\/scs.12938","article-title":"I have cried a lot: a qualitative study on children experiencing severe parental illness","volume":"35","author":"Faugli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand J Caring Sci"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-013-9895-y","article-title":"Factors that may facilitate or hinder a family-focus in the treatment of parents with a mental illness","volume":"24","author":"Lauritzen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/cfs.12082","article-title":"Children's and young people's participation within child welfare and child protection services: a state-of-the-art review","volume":"20","author":"Van Bijleveld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Fam Soc Work."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/car.1155","article-title":"Obstacles for child participation in care and protection cases-why Norwegian social workers find it difficult","volume":"21","author":"Vis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child Abus Rev."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/cfs.12076","article-title":"Organizational factors and child participation in decision-making: Differences between two child welfare organizations","volume":"20","author":"Vis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Fam Soc Work."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3428-8","article-title":"Adult mental health clinicians' perspectives of parents with a mental illness and their children: single and dual focus approaches","volume":"18","author":"Tchernegovski","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/14680173211029725","article-title":"Child-focused practice in social services for adults in Norway","author":"Kristensen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Soc Work"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-016-0098-y","article-title":"Child responsible personnel in adult mental health services","volume":"10","author":"Lauritzen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Syst"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.7748\/mhp2013.07.16.10.12.e875","article-title":"Support for children of mental health service users in Norway","volume":"16","author":"Lauritzen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ment Health Pract."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.031","article-title":"Interrater reliability: The kappa statistic","volume":"22","author":"McHugh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochemia medica."},{"key":"B21","unstructured":"A child perspective and children's participation1027\n            SkivenesM\n            StrandbuA\n          Child Youth Environ.162006"},{"key":"B22","unstructured":"McDowallJJ\n          2013"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2010.05.008","article-title":"Children's participation in family law decision-making: Theoretical approaches to understanding children's views","volume":"33","author":"Cashmore","year":"2011","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2206.1999.00112.x","article-title":"Children's participation in reviews and planning meetings when they arelooked after'in middle childhood'","volume":"4","author":"Thomas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Child Fam Soc Work."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559518816381","article-title":"Differential response and children re-reported to child protective services: County data from the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS)","volume":"24","author":"Fluke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Maltreat."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-014-0038-x","article-title":"The children's depression inventory in worldwide child development research: a reliability generalization study","volume":"24","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.5172\/jamh.8.3.250","article-title":"Prevention of emotional problems and psychiatric risks in children of parents with a mental illness in the Netherlands: I. The scientific basis to a comprehensive approach","volume":"8","author":"Hosman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental health."},{"key":"B28","unstructured":"Barnevernets unders\u00f8kelsesarbeid\u2013fra bekymring til beslutning\n            Christiansen\u00d8\n            HavnenKJS\n            IversenAC\n            FylkesnesMK\n            LauritzenC\n            Nyg\u00e5rdRH\n          2019"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000342","article-title":"Do preventive interventions for children of mentally ill parents work? Results of a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00234","article-title":"Childhood adversity, parental vulnerability and disorder: examining inter-generational transmission of risk","volume":"43","author":"Bifulco","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1177\/2156869320912520","article-title":"The long-term impact of parental mental health on children's distress trajectories in adulthood","volume":"11","author":"Kamis","year":"2021","journal-title":"SMH"},{"key":"B32","unstructured":"\u00c5 medvirke n\u00e5r barnevernet unders\u00f8ker\n            HavnenKJS\n            Christiansen\u00d8\n            LjonesEH\n            LauritzenC\n            PaulsenV\n            JarlbyF\n          2020"},{"key":"B33","article-title":"Barnevernets unders\u00f8kelsesarbeid \u2013 fra bekymring til beslutning. Samlede resultater og anbefalinger","volume-title":"[The child welfare's investigation work \u2013 from concern to decision. [Final results and recommendations for practice]. Barnevernets unders\u00f8kelsesarbeid: Publikasjoner fra prosjektet","author":"Vis","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.784022\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T07:08:41Z","timestamp":1641539321000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.784022\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.784022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.784022","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"article-number":"784022"}}