{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T10:02:53Z","timestamp":1790848973554,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sex differences in the frequency and severity of personality disorders (PDs) have been widely reported in Western countries. However, limited literature suggests a similar sex distribution in the Chinese clinical population. This study investigated sex differences in self-reported and interviewed patients with PDs in a clinical population in China.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The participants were 1,389 consecutive outpatients with a mean age of 30.5 years, including 634 (45.6%) males and 755 (54.4%) females. Self-reported PD traits were assessed using the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire Fourth Edition Plus (PDQ-4+). PDs were diagnosed according to the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) Axis II (SCID-II).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Male outpatients reported more paranoid, schizotypal, antisocial, and passive-aggressive PD traits, whereas females reported more borderline PD traits on the PDQ-4+. Self-reported PD traits in male outpatients were more likely to reach the positive threshold of antisocial PD than in females (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 5.293, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.021). Males were more likely to meet the criteria for schizoid (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 5.050, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.025), narcissistic (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 27.244, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001), antisocial (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 11.430, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001), avoidant (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 5.098, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.024), and obsessive-compulsive PD (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 5.496, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.019) diagnoses in the SCID-II. In contrast, females were more likely to meet the criteria of histrionic (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 12.327, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001), borderline (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 28.538, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001), and dependent (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 4.919, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.027) diagnoses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings indicate gender differences in the traits, frequency, and pattern of PDs when assessed in a Chinese clinical population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1006740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T07:16:53Z","timestamp":1663917413000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Sex differences in personality disorders in a Chinese clinical 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