{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T09:24:50Z","timestamp":1790846690673,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although the COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on mental health, there is no comprehensive longitudinal study of the entire population of a country without selection bias.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the prescription of psychotropic drugs during the COVID-19 pandemic, using data from the French national health data system (SNDS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design, settings, and participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prescriptions for psychotropic drugs (antidepressants, anxiolytics, hypnotics, and antipsychotics) from 1 January 2015 to 30 September 2021 were collected from administrative data provided by the SNDS. This database includes more than 99% of the French population, i.e., 67 million people. The data were analyzed using an interrupted time series analysis (ITSA) model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcomes and measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Consumption of psychotropic drugs was aggregated in months and expressed in number of boxes per thousand inhabitants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the study period, more than 1.3 billion boxes of psychotropic medications were dispensed. Comparison of psychotropic drug dispensing before and after the pandemic showed a relative increase of 0.76 (95 CI 0.57 to 0.95, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.001) boxes per month per thousand inhabitants, all classes of psychotropic drugs combined. Three classes saw their consumption increase in an almost similar proportion, respectively, by 0.23 (0.15 to 0.32, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.001) boxes for antidepressants, 0.27 (0.20 to 0.34, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.001) boxes for anxiolytics and 0.23 (0.17 to 0.30, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.001) boxes for hypnotics. The change in antipsychotic consumption was very small, with an increase of 0.04 boxes (0.02 to 0.06, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001) per month per thousand population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion and relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic had led to an increase in the consumption of psychotropic drugs, confirming the significant impact of the pandemic on the mental health of the general population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1020023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T05:24:42Z","timestamp":1671081882000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the psychotropic drug consumption"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Benistand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Vorilhon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Laporte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Baptiste","family":"Bouillon-Minois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georges","family":"Brousse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Bagheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ukadike Chris","family":"Ugbolue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien S.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentin","family":"Flaudias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aur\u00e9lien","family":"Mulliez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Dutheil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31612-X","article-title":"The lancet commission on global mental health and sustainable development.","volume":"392","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2020.04.018","article-title":"The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): a review.","volume":"78","author":"Nicola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Surg."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30460-8","article-title":"The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence.","volume":"395","author":"Brooks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113033","article-title":"Prevalence of mental health problems in populations affected by the ebola virus disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"289","author":"C\u00e9nat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17062032","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: a study on active weibo users.","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233410","article-title":"The psychological distress and coping styles in the early stages of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic in the general Mainland Chinese population: a web-based survey.","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2020.04.007","article-title":"[Psychopathological consequences of confinement].","volume":"46","author":"Mengin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Encephale."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.067","article-title":"Mass quarantine and mental health during COVID-19: a meta-analysis.","volume":"295","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.08.001","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: a systematic review.","volume":"277","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113128","article-title":"Insomnia during COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown: prevalence, severity, and associated risk factors in french population.","volume":"290","author":"Kokou-Kpolou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-1163-4","article-title":"Estimating the prevalence of depression associated with healthcare use in France using administrative databases.","volume":"17","author":"Filipovic-Pierucci","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-014-0289-5","article-title":"Systematic review and assessment of validated case definitions for depression in administrative data.","volume":"14","author":"Fiest","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-010-0819-0","article-title":"How reimbursement databases can be used to support drug utilisation studies: example using the main french national health insurance system database.","volume":"66","author":"Latry","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X13008662","article-title":"Increase in psychotropic drug deliveries after the Xynthia Storm, France, 2010.","volume":"28","author":"Motreff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prehosp Disaster Med."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21940","article-title":"Psychotropic drug use in a cohort of workers 4 years after an industrial disaster in France.","volume":"27","author":"Di\u00e8ne","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148594","article-title":"Effects of the financial crisis on psychotropic drug consumption in a cohort from a semi-urban region in Catalonia, Spain.","volume":"11","author":"Barcel\u00f3","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4233","article-title":"The national healthcare system claims databases in France, SNIIRAM and EGB: powerful tools for pharmacoepidemiology.","volume":"26","author":"Bezin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf."},{"key":"B18","first-page":"24","article-title":"[New classification of drugs: ATC-code introduced]","volume":"81","author":"Andersen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Sygeplejersken."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1501500208","article-title":"Conducting interrupted time-series analysis for single- and multiple-group comparisons.","volume":"15","author":"Linden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stata J."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-022-01678-6","article-title":"Opioid prescribing practices at hospital discharge for surgical patients before and after the centers for disease control and prevention\u2019s 2016 opioid prescribing guideline.","volume":"22","author":"Langnas","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhs.v31i6.5","article-title":"Effect of COVID-19 on the number of CT-scans and MRI services of public hospitals in Iran: an interrupted time series analysis.","volume":"31","author":"Heydarian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Sci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2022.03.034","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic and associated rise in pediatric firearm injuries: a multi-institutional study.","volume":"57","author":"Collings","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg."},{"key":"B23","author":"Briot","year":"2006","journal-title":"Assembl\u00e9e nationale no 3187 rapport sur le bon usage des m\u00e9dicaments psychotropes."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12020178","article-title":"Antidepressants drug use during COVID-19 Waves in the tuscan general population: an interrupted time-series analysis.","volume":"12","author":"Antonazzo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pers Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721004839","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns on the consumption of anxiolytics, hypnotics and antidepressants according to age groups: a french nationwide study.","author":"Levaillant","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19042135","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the use of antidepressant and antianxiety pharmaceuticals as well as sick leave in Poland.","volume":"19","author":"Krupa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.11.029","article-title":"Impact of the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on anxiety diagnosis in general practices in Germany.","volume":"143","author":"Jacob","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1002\/da.23228","article-title":"The effects of COVID-19 on the dispensing rates of antidepressants and benzodiazepines in Canada.","volume":"39","author":"Uthayakumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000027664","article-title":"Psychotropic medication prescribing during the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"100","author":"Hirschtritt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.731297","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the general mental health in Sweden: no observed changes in the dispensed amount of common psychotropic medications in the region of scania.","volume":"12","author":"Wolfschlag","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113462","article-title":"Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany.","volume":"293","author":"Benke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114466","article-title":"COVID-19 as a factor influencing air pollution?","volume":"263","author":"Dutheil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Pollut."},{"key":"B33","year":"2022","journal-title":"CoviPrev?: une enqu\u00eate pour suivre l\u2019\u00e9volution des comportements et de la sant\u00e9 mentale pendant l\u2019\u00e9pid\u00e9mie de COVID-19."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1358","article-title":"Understanding the mental health effects of indirect exposure to mass trauma through the media.","volume":"306","author":"Neria","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-020-00654-4","article-title":"Mental health consequences of COVID-19 media coverage: the need for effective crisis communication practices.","volume":"17","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob Health."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2021.110962","article-title":"A neglected reality of mass media during COVID-19: effect of pandemic news on individual\u2019s positive and negative emotion and psychological resilience.","volume":"180","author":"Giri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231924","article-title":"Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak.","volume":"15","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.12.05001","article-title":"Does COVID-19 psychological fatigue exist? results of three online cross-sectional studies conducted in Spain from april 2020 to march 2021.","volume":"12","author":"Ruiz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Glob Health."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094708","article-title":"The economic impact of the SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic in Spain.","volume":"18","author":"Pinilla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.03.037","article-title":"Economic crisis and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan.","volume":"306","author":"Matsubayashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17114151","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic in the Italian population: validation of a post-traumatic stress disorder questionnaire and prevalence of PTSD symptomatology.","volume":"17","author":"Forte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12945","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress symptoms during the first and second COVID-19 lockdown in Greece: rates, risk, and protective factors.","volume":"31","author":"E Kalaitzaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Nurs."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4982","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01036-x","article-title":"Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder after infectious disease pandemics in the twenty-first century, including COVID-19: a meta-analysis and systematic review.","volume":"26","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01491","article-title":"Psychological symptoms during the two stages of lockdown in response to the COVID-19 outbreak: an investigation in a sample of citizens in northern Spain.","volume":"11","author":"Ozamiz-Etxebarria","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.25591","article-title":"Factors associated with mental health disorders among university students in France confined during the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"3","author":"Wathelet","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093165","article-title":"A Nationwide survey of psychological distress among Italian people during the COVID-19 pandemic: immediate psychological responses and associated factors.","volume":"17","author":"Mazza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113599","article-title":"Prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, posttraumatic stress disorder, and psychological distress among populations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"295","author":"C\u00e9nat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/bjhp.12355","article-title":"Bidirectional relationship of stress and affect with physical activity and healthy eating.","volume":"24","author":"Schultchen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Health Psychol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S587","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200106001-00027","article-title":"Physical activity dose-response effects on outcomes of depression and anxiety.","volume":"33","author":"Dunn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1111\/bjhp.12524","article-title":"Evolution of physical activity habits after a context change: the case of COVID-19 lockdown.","volume":"26","author":"Maltagliati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Health Psychol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.23736\/S0022-4707.20.11600-1","article-title":"Physical activity levels across COVID-19 outbreak in youngsters of northwestern Lombardy.","volume":"61","author":"Tornaghi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fit."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.774328","article-title":"Negative impacts of COVID-19 induced lockdown on changes in eating behavior, physical activity, and mental health as modified by digital healthy diet literacy and ehealth literacy.","volume":"8","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Nutr."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-018-9603-6","article-title":"Do home-based psychiatric services for patients in medico-social institutions reduce hospitalizations? pre-post evaluation of a french psychiatric mobile team.","volume":"90","author":"Cervello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.12674","article-title":"Mobile intensive care unit: a case management team dedicated to early psychosis in France.","volume":"12","author":"Lecardeur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Early Interv Psychiatry."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2020.05.004","article-title":"[Responsiveness and sustainability of psychiatric care in France during COVID-19 epidemic].","volume":"46","author":"Bocher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Encephale."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.202000467","article-title":"The Early Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Acute Care Mental Health Services.","volume":"72","author":"Abbas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257840","article-title":"The major worldwide stress of healthcare professionals during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic - the international COVISTRESS survey.","volume":"16","author":"Couarraze","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.06.041","article-title":"Psychosis during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review of case reports and case series.","volume":"153","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0273579","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and functional outcomes in veterans with psychosis or recent homelessness: a 15-month longitudinal study.","volume":"17","author":"Wynn","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.21cr02955","article-title":"Psychiatric decompensation during the COVID-19 Pandemic: a literature review and case series.","volume":"23","author":"Jay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prim Care Companion CNS Disord."},{"key":"B61","first-page":"1073","article-title":"[Psychotropic drug consumption in France and several European countries].","volume":"181","author":"Legrain","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bull Acad Natl Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1020023\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T05:24:47Z","timestamp":1671081887000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1020023\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1020023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1020023","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]},"article-number":"1020023"}}