{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:37:47Z","timestamp":1787319467451,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019535","name":"Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019535","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Suicide is the most common cause of death in male resident physicians and the second most common cause of death in resident physicians overall. Physicians also experience high rates of major depressive disorder (MDD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and burnout. These conditions frequently develop during medical school, and threaten not only physicians but the patients they care for. A 30-year-old medical student presented to our clinic with a history of treatment-resistant depression (TRD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), PTSD, and 5 years of daily suicidal ideation. Previous treatments included therapy, lifestyle modifications, and various combinations of six antidepressants. These interventions had little effect on the patient\u2019s mental health. The patient was treated at our clinic with an 8-month regimen of IV ketamine infusions and ketamine-assisted psychotherapy (KAP). The patient achieved remission from suicidality and PTSD within 1 month; and TRD and GAD within 7 months. The patient\u2019s Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) score decreased from 25 (severe depression) to 1 (not depressed). These findings suggest that ketamine and KAP may represent effective interventions for mental health applications in healthcare professionals. The patient made the unique decision to attempt to type narrative journals during four of his ketamine infusions (doses ranged from 1.8 to 2.1 mg\/kg\/h IV). The patient successfully typed detailed journals throughout each 1-h ketamine infusion. To our knowledge, these journals represent the first independently typed, first-person, real-time narratives of ketamine-induced non ordinary states of consciousness. The transcripts of these journals may provide useful insights for clinicians, particularly in the context of KAP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1020214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T03:49:20Z","timestamp":1671594560000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Case report: Medical student types journals during ketamine infusions for suicidal ideation, treatment-resistant depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Joshua","family":"Willms","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"McCauley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peyton","family":"Presto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ankith","family":"Arun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazeen","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kierra","family":"Irby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Strawn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Kopel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.17324","article-title":"Prevalence of depression, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation among medical students: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"316","author":"Rotenstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000001736","article-title":"Causes of death of residents in ACGME-accredited programs 2000 through 2014: implications for the learning environment.","volume":"92","author":"Yaghmour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acad Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.2147\/AMEP.S162626","article-title":"Suicidal ideation in medical students: recent insights.","volume":"9","author":"Coentre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Med Educ Pract."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2382120521991150","DOI":"10.1177\/2382120521991150","article-title":"Prevalence of anxiety and depression among medical students during the covid-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study.","volume":"8","author":"Halperin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Educ Curric Dev."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.12512","article-title":"Medical student depression, anxiety and distress outside North America: a systematic review.","volume":"48","author":"Hope","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Educ."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-200604000-00009","article-title":"Systematic review of depression, anxiety, and other indicators of psychological distress among U.S. and Canadian medical students.","volume":"81","author":"Dyrbye","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acad Med J Assoc Am Med Coll."},{"key":"B7","first-page":"122","article-title":"Depression, anxiety and their associated factors among medical students.","volume":"20","author":"Alvi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg Pak JCPSP."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(84)90036-1","article-title":"Psychiatric symptoms in medical students.","volume":"25","author":"Lloyd","year":"1984","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2923.1999.00331.x","article-title":"Gender comparisons of medical students\u2019 psychosocial profiles.","volume":"33","author":"Hojat","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med Educ."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198902000-00002","article-title":"Medical student distress. A longitudinal study.","volume":"177","author":"Vitaliano","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2017.08.037","article-title":"PTSD and surgical residents: Everybody hurts sometimes.","volume":"214","author":"Jackson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Surg."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38924.722037.7C","article-title":"Experiences of belittlement and harassment and their correlates among medical students in the United States: longitudinal survey.","volume":"333","author":"Frank","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ap.33.4.302","article-title":"Medical student mistreatment results in symptoms of posttraumatic stress.","volume":"33","author":"Heru","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acad Psychiatry."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e31819381b1","article-title":"Resilience in the third year of medical school: a prospective study of the associations between stressful events occurring during clinical rotations and student well-being.","volume":"84","author":"Haglund","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acad Med J Assoc Am Med Coll."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/01421590600607195","article-title":"The impact on students of adverse experiences during medical school.","volume":"28","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Teach."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16065","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.65","article-title":"Major depressive disorder.","volume":"2","author":"Otte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primer."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890701769728","article-title":"Current trends in the assessment and somatic treatment of resistant\/refractory major depression: an overview.","volume":"40","author":"Berlim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900022380","article-title":"Treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder: strategies for intervention.","volume":"9","author":"Hamner","year":"2004","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2007.10.005","article-title":"The relative efficacy of bona fide psychotherapies for treating post-traumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis of direct comparisons.","volume":"28","author":"Benish","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev."},{"key":"B20","first-page":"CD003388","article-title":"Psychological treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).","volume":"3","author":"Bisson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.2.214","article-title":"Multidimensional meta-analysis of psychotherapy for PTSD.","volume":"162","author":"Bradley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.10.009","article-title":"Long-term efficacy of psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","volume":"59","author":"Kline","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.04.034","article-title":"Socio-demographic and clinical predictors of non-response\/non-remission in treatment resistant depressed patients: a systematic review.","volume":"240","author":"De Carlo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2007.05.006","article-title":"Navigating the sequenced treatment alternatives to relieve depression (STAR*D) study: practical outcomes and implications for depression treatment in primary care.","volume":"34","author":"Cain","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prim Care Clin Off Pract."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2008.12.004","article-title":"Pharmacologic alternatives to antidepressants in posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review.","volume":"33","author":"Berger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881120965915","article-title":"A comparison of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy to non-assisted psychotherapy in treatment-resistant PTSD: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"35","author":"Illingworth","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.1516","article-title":"Baseline depression severity as moderator of depression outcomes between cognitive behavioral therapy vs pharmacotherapy: an individual patient data meta-analysis.","volume":"72","author":"Weitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.11.1905","article-title":"Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report.","volume":"163","author":"Rush","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.5.739","article-title":"Cognitive therapy versus medication in augmentation and switch strategies as second-step treatments: a STAR*D report.","volume":"164","author":"Thase","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61552-9","article-title":"Cognitive behavioural therapy as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy for primary care based patients with treatment resistant depression: results of the CoBalT randomised controlled trial.","volume":"381","author":"Wiles","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00495-2","article-title":"Long-term effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy for treatment-resistant depression in primary care: follow-up of the CoBalT randomised controlled trial.","volume":"3","author":"Wiles","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry."},{"key":"B32","first-page":"164","article-title":"Cost-utility analysis of electroconvulsive therapy and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression in ontario.","volume":"65","author":"Fitzgibbon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry Rev Can Psychiatr."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of electroconvulsive therapy in depressive disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"361","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.02.018","article-title":"Psychedelics: where we are now, why we got here, what we must do.","volume":"142","author":"Belouin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1486-7386","article-title":"The potential role of psychedelic drugs in mental health care of the future.","volume":"54","author":"Gr\u00fcnder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry."},{"key":"B36","first-page":"279","article-title":"A systematic review of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for mental health: an evaluation of the current wave of research and suggestions for the future.","volume":"7","author":"Wheeler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Conscious Theory Res Pract."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e067194","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-067194","article-title":"Ketamine for the acute treatment of severe suicidal ideation: double blind, randomised placebo controlled trial.","volume":"376","author":"Abbar","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23085","article-title":"The effects of low-dose ketamine on the prefrontal cortex and amygdala in treatment-resistant depression: a randomized controlled study.","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3571","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715001506","article-title":"Ketamine for rapid reduction of suicidal ideation: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"45","author":"Murrough","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.117.015198","article-title":"Ketamine and ketamine metabolite pharmacology: insights into therapeutic mechanisms.","volume":"70","author":"Zanos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/51.12.1167","article-title":"Ketamine infusions: pharmacokinetics and clinical effects.","volume":"51","author":"Idvall","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth."},{"key":"B42","first-page":"1192","article-title":"Ketamine pharmacokinetics: a systematic review of the literature.","volume":"133","author":"Kamp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Meta Analysis Population Analy Anesthesiol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-016-0383-6","article-title":"Ketamine: a review of clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in anesthesia and pain therapy.","volume":"55","author":"Peltoniemi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2613","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.170","article-title":"The impact of NMDA receptor blockade on human working memory-related prefrontal function and connectivity.","volume":"38","author":"Driesen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-197503000-00001","article-title":"Attention, learning, and personality during ketamine emergence: a pilot study.","volume":"54","author":"Harris","year":"1975","journal-title":"Anesth Analg."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-005-0001-z","article-title":"Impairment of specific episodic memory processes by sub-psychotic doses of ketamine: the effects of levels of processing at encoding and of the subsequent retrieval task.","volume":"181","author":"Honey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950030035004","article-title":"Subanesthetic effects of the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, ketamine, in humans. Psychotomimetic, perceptual, cognitive, and neuroendocrine responses.","volume":"51","author":"Krystal","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300342","article-title":"Acute effects of ketamine on memory systems and psychotic symptoms in healthy volunteers.","volume":"29","author":"Morgan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol Off Publ Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200202000-00022","article-title":"Cognitive impairment after small-dose ketamine isomers in comparison to equianalgesic racemic ketamine in human volunteers.","volume":"96","author":"Pfenninger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/16066350801983707","article-title":"Ketamine case study: the phenomenology of a ketamine experience.","volume":"16","author":"Newcombe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addict Res Theory."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1556\/2054.2021.00179","article-title":"Ketamine-assisted psychotherapy for trauma-exposed patients in an outpatient setting: a clinical chart review study.","volume":"5","author":"Davis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychedelic Stud."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S360733","article-title":"Ketamine assisted psychotherapy: a systematic narrative review of the literature.","volume":"15","author":"Drozdz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pain Res."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.07.030","article-title":"Active mechanisms of ketamine-assisted psychotherapy: a systematic review.","volume":"315","author":"Joneborg","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00733","article-title":"Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: a paradigm shift in psychiatric research and development.","volume":"9","author":"Schenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2019.1587556","article-title":"Ketamine assisted psychotherapy (KAP): patient demographics, clinical data and outcomes in three large practices administering ketamine with psychotherapy.","volume":"51","author":"Dore","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs."},{"key":"B56","first-page":"p. 134","author":"First","year":"2004","journal-title":"The structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders (SCID-I) and the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis II disorders (SCID-II). Comprehensive handbook of psychological assessment, Vol 2: personality assessment."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000486","article-title":"The clinician-administered PTSD scale for DSM\u20135 (CAPS-5): development and initial psychometric evaluation in military veterans.","volume":"30","author":"Weathers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Assess."},{"key":"B58","first-page":"66","article-title":"The columbia-suicide severity rating scale (C\u2013SSRS): has the \u201cgold standard\u201d become a liability?","volume":"11","author":"Giddens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Innov Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B59","first-page":"10","article-title":"Columbia-suicide severity rating scale (C-SSRS).","volume":"2008","author":"Posner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Columbia Univ Med Cent."},{"key":"B60","first-page":"167","article-title":"Treatment-resistant depression.","volume":"80","author":"Little","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician."},{"key":"B61","first-page":"1737","article-title":"Validation and utility of a self-report version of prime-md: the phq primary care study. Primary care evaluation of mental disorders.","volume":"282","author":"Spitzer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Patient Health Quest JAMA."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-20020901-06","article-title":"The PHQ-9: a new depression diagnostic and severity measure.","volume":"32","author":"Kroenke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychiatr Ann."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2014.09.009","article-title":"A diagnostic meta-analysis of the patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) algorithm scoring method as a screen for depression.","volume":"37","author":"Manea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.12.075","article-title":"Validation of the PHQ-9 in a psychiatric sample.","volume":"193","author":"Beard","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710338","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.710338","article-title":"An integrative approach to ketamine therapy may enhance multiple dimensions of efficacy: improving therapeutic outcomes with treatment resistant depression.","volume":"12","author":"Muscat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.12.019","article-title":"Therapeutic infusions of ketamine: do the psychoactive effects matter?","volume":"136","author":"Dakwar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B67","first-page":"374","author":"Grof","year":"2008","journal-title":"LSD psychotherapy: the healing potential of psychedelic medicine."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1997.10400185","article-title":"Ketamine psychedelic therapy (KPT): a review of the results of ten years of research.","volume":"29","author":"Krupitsky","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.2096","article-title":"Psychedelic psychotherapy: insights from 25 years of research.","volume":"57","author":"Richards","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hum Psychol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867416631828","article-title":"Ketamine augmentation for outpatients with treatment-resistant depression: preliminary evidence for two-step intravenous dose escalation.","volume":"51","author":"Cusin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust NZJ Psychiatry."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000104","article-title":"Augmentation therapy with serial intravenous ketamine over 18 months in a patient with treatment resistant depression.","volume":"38","author":"Hassamal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"B72","first-page":"345","article-title":"The ketamine papers: science, therapy, and transformation.","author":"Wolfson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Multid Assoc Psyched Stud."},{"key":"B73","first-page":"219","article-title":"Trauma and memory: brain and body in a search for the living past: a practical guide for understanding and working with traumatic memory.","volume":"2015","author":"Levine","year":"2015","journal-title":"North Atlantic Books."},{"key":"B74","first-page":"p. 556","author":"Shapiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"EMDR solutions II: for depression, eating disorders, performance and more."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2880","article-title":"Risk of suicidality in clinical trials of antidepressants in adults: analysis of proprietary data submitted to US food and drug administration.","volume":"11","author":"Stone","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B76","year":"2017","journal-title":"Age of applicants to U.S. medical schools at anticipated matriculation by sex and race\/ethnicity, 2014-2015 through 2017-2018 [internet]."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16010037","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-frequency study of intravenous ketamine in patients with treatment-resistant depression.","volume":"173","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.18070834","article-title":"Single, repeated, and maintenance ketamine infusions for treatment-resistant depression: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"176","author":"Phillips","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2020.05.004","article-title":"Chapter nine - the emergence of ketamine as a novel treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder.","author":"Feder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advances in pharmacology [internet]."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212305","DOI":"10.7573\/dic.212305","article-title":"Ketamine as treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder: a review.","volume":"8","author":"Liriano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drugs Context."},{"key":"B81","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intravenous ketamine for adults with treatment-resistant depression or post-traumatic stress disorder: a review of clinical effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and guidelines."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.62","article-title":"Efficacy of intravenous ketamine for treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"71","author":"Feder","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S195","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e318160ba1d","article-title":"The correlation between ketamine and posttraumatic stress disorder in burned service members.","volume":"64","author":"McGhee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"B84","first-page":"585","article-title":"Short-term ketamine administration in treatment-resistant depression: focus on cardiovascular safety.","volume":"31","author":"Szarmach","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatr Danub."},{"key":"B85","first-page":"530","article-title":"Short-term ketamine administration in treatment-resistant depression patients: focus on adverse effects on the central nervous system.","volume":"31","author":"W\u0142odarczyk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatr Danub."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197204000-00006","article-title":"A comparison of psychologic responses to ketamine and thiopental-nitrous oxide\u2013halothane anesthesia.","volume":"36","author":"Garfield","year":"1972","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.05.050","article-title":"The profile of cognitive impairments in chronic ketamine users.","volume":"266","author":"Ke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-133X(95)00137-3","article-title":"NMDA receptor function and human cognition: the effects of ketamine in healthy volunteers.","volume":"14","author":"Malhotra","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(94)00170-J","article-title":"Effect of ketamine, an NMDA receptor inhibitor, in acute and chronic orofacial pain.","volume":"61","author":"Mathisen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"B90","first-page":"1209","article-title":"Effects of ketamine on sensory perception: evidence for a role of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors.","volume":"260","author":"Oye","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/s0924-977x(96)00042-9","article-title":"Differential psychopathology and patterns of cerebral glucose utilisation produced by (S)- and (R)-ketamine in healthy volunteers using positron emission tomography (PET).","volume":"7","author":"Vollenweider","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol J Eur Coll Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B92","first-page":"63","article-title":"Experiences of psychological distress and sources of stress and support during medical training: a survey of medical students.","volume":"40","author":"Matheson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acad Psychiatry J Am Assoc Dir Psychiatr Resid Train Assoc Acad Psychiatry."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1300","article-title":"Depression, stigma, and suicidal ideation in medical students.","volume":"304","author":"Schwenk","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1020214\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T03:49:43Z","timestamp":1671594583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1020214\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]]},"references-count":93,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1020214"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1020214","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]]},"article-number":"1020214"}}