{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T11:42:47Z","timestamp":1793619767295,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012411","name":"Alborz University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stigma can be seen as a mark of disgrace that can lead to the separation of one person from another. In this qualitative study, we assess the status of stigma among in front-line health care workers (HCWs) during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Subjects and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The participants were selected from frontline HCWs related to COVID-19 in Imam Ali and Imam Hossein referral hospitals in Alborz province, Iran. Study was conducted between May and June 2020. The 32-item checklist Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) was used to report this qualitative study. Interview questions were prepared based on the grounded theory method. The thematic approach was used to analyze the data content. Data analysis was based on open and axial coding and after implementing the codes in MAXQDA software.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of this study included 4 themes, 8 categories and 33 sub-categories. Themes included extrinsic and intrinsic elements of stigma, perplexity and stigma removal requirements. Extrinsic elements included \u201ccreating blame and shame\u201d and \u201cdiscrimination\u201d categories. Intrinsic elements included \u201cthe desire to be avoidance,\u201d \u201cfeeling depressed and frustrated\u201d and \u201cfeeling anxious and scared\u201d categories. Perplexity included \u201cfeeling loss\u201d category. Stigma removal requirements included \u201cfactors causing stigma\u201d and \u201cprotective agents against stigma\u201d categories.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Low public awareness on COVID-19 and inadequate public care, limited personal protective equipment and inadequate facilities for HCWs along with lack of appreciation for their efforts, lack of proper psychiatric\/psychological counseling to identify and treat symptoms associated with mental health and the limitations of training to maintain mental health skills are considered to be factors in the formation of stigma among HCWs related to COVID-19. Health policymakers should implement coherent strategies related to increasing public awareness and providing personal protection needs and counseling care for HCWs in relation to COVID-19.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1045683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T05:16:35Z","timestamp":1667452595000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Status of stigma on the health care workers related to COVID-19 at the first wave of the pandemic in Iran: A qualitative study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rahim","family":"Badrfam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mostafa","family":"Qorbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atefeh","family":"Zandifar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146512471197","article-title":"The public stigma of mental illness: what do we think; what do we know; what can we prove?","volume":"54","author":"Pescosolido","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796015000220","article-title":"Predictors of personal, perceived and self-stigma towards anxiety and depression.","volume":"25","author":"Grant","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr sci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113463","article-title":"Longitudinal interrelationships of mental health discrimination and stigma with housing and well-being outcomes in adults with mental illness and recent experience of homelessness.","volume":"268","author":"Mejia-Lancheros","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1177\/0018726717716752","article-title":"Identity, mental health and work: how employees with mental health conditions recount stigma and the pejorative discourse of mental illness.","volume":"71","author":"Elraz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Relat."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1037\/sah0000339","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and mental illness stigma: how income level and social dominance orientation may help to perpetuate stigma.","volume":"6","author":"Foster","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stigma Health"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemep.2021.100719","article-title":"Addressing mental health stigma in low-income and middle-income countries: a new frontier for digital mental health.","volume":"19","author":"Naslund","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ethics Med Public Health."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1023\/B:COMH.0000035226.19939.76","article-title":"Stigmatizing attitudes about mental illness and allocation of resources to mental health services.","volume":"40","author":"Corrigan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Community Ment Health J."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-11-31","article-title":"The stigma of mental health problems and other barriers to care in the UK Armed Forces.","volume":"11","author":"Iversen","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)00023-6","article-title":"Mental health-related stigma in health care and mental health-care settings.","volume":"1","author":"Henderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1017\/S1121189X00001159","article-title":"The economic impact of mental health stigma and discrimination: a systematic review.","volume":"19","author":"Sharac","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"p. 401","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-55266-8_27","author":"Romeo","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Economic Impact Of Mental Health Stigma. 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