{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T21:24:53Z","timestamp":1771622693490,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a highly prevalent chronic disorder, often refractory to treatment. While remaining elusive, a full understanding of the pathophysiology of OCD is crucial to optimize treatment. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique that, paired with other neurophysiological techniques, such as electromyography, allows for <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> assessment of human corticospinal neurophysiology. It has been used in clinical populations, including comparisons of patients with OCD and control volunteers. Results are often contradictory, and it is unclear if such measures change after treatment. Here we summarize research comparing corticospinal excitability between patients with OCD and control volunteers, and explore the effects of treatment with repetitive TMS (rTMS) on these excitability measures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies comparing various motor cortical excitability measures in patients with OCD and control volunteers. Whenever possible, we meta-analyzed motor cortical excitability changes after rTMS treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>From 1,282 articles, 17 reporting motor cortex excitability measures were included in quantitative analyses. Meta-analysis regarding cortical silent period shows inhibitory deficits in patients with OCD, when compared to control volunteers. We found no statistically significant differences in the remaining meta-analyses, and no evidence, in patients with OCD, of pre- to post-rTMS changes in resting motor threshold, the only excitability measure for which longitudinal data were reported.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our work suggests an inhibitory deficit of motor cortex excitability in patients with OCD when compared to control volunteers. Cortical silent period is believed to reflect activity of GABA<jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub> receptors, which is in line with neuroimaging research, showing GABAergic deficits in patients with OCD. Regardless of its effect on OCD symptoms, rTMS apparently does not modify Resting Motor Threshold, possibly because this measure reflects glutamatergic synaptic transmission, while rTMS is believed to mainly influence GABAergic function. Our meta-analyses are limited by the small number of studies included, and their methodological heterogeneity. Nonetheless, cortical silent period is a reliable and easily implementable measurement to assess neurophysiology in humans, <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. The present review illustrates the importance of pursuing the study of OCD pathophysiology using cortical silent period and other easily accessible, non-invasive measures of cortical excitability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>[<jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020201764<\/jats:ext-link>], identifier [CRD42020201764].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1050480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T04:59:20Z","timestamp":1670389160000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Motor cortical inhibitory deficits in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder\u2013A systematic review and meta-analysis of transcranial magnetic stimulation literature"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Rodrigues da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gon\u00e7alo","family":"Cotovio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Albino J.","family":"Oliveira-Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Bernardo","family":"Barahona-Corr\u00eaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.01.046","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder: puzzles and prospects.","volume":"102","author":"Robbins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.19r13085","article-title":"Women are at greater risk of OCD than men: a meta-analytic review of OCD prevalence worldwide.","volume":"81","author":"Fawcett","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.2200","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder: advances in diagnosis and treatment.","volume":"317","author":"Hirschtritt","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.18101180","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a prospective multicenter randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"176","author":"Carmi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.19060656","article-title":"Efficacy of deep brain stimulation of the ventral anterior limb of the internal capsule for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a clinical cohort of 70 patients.","volume":"177","author":"Denys","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01453-0","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.","volume":"11","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans Psychiatry."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.01.048","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and pairwise\/network meta-analysis.","volume":"302","author":"Fitzsimmons","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-018-9566-7","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of different cortical targets used in repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).","volume":"89","author":"Rehn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20111601","article-title":"Harmonizing the neurobiology and treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"178","author":"Goodman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0102-3","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"5","author":"Stein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.7.720","article-title":"Mapping structural brain alterations in obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"61","author":"Pujol","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.70","article-title":"Meta-analytical comparison of voxel-based morphometry studies in obsessive-compulsive disorder vs other anxiety disorders.","volume":"67","author":"Radua","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Gene Psychiatry."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.055046","article-title":"Voxel-wise meta-analysis of grey matter changes in obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"195","author":"Radua","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.13040574","article-title":"Multicenter voxel-based morphometry mega-analysis of structural brain scans in obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"171","author":"De Wit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16020201","article-title":"Distinct subcortical volume alterations in pediatric and adult OCD: a worldwide meta- and mega-analysis.","volume":"174","author":"Boedhoe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2160-1","article-title":"Investigation of anterior cingulate cortex gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate-glutamine levels in obsessive-compulsive disorder using magnetic resonance spectroscopy.","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro.2010.21.2.119","article-title":"Cortical GABA, striatal dopamine and midbrain serotonin as the key players in compulsive and anxiety disorders\u2013results from in vivo imaging studies.","volume":"21","author":"Nikolaus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.668304","article-title":"Lower ventromedial prefrontal cortex glutamate levels in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"12","author":"Batistuzzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2016.1181783","article-title":"Biological markers for anxiety disorders, OCD and PTSD-a consensus statement. part I: neuroimaging and genetics.","volume":"17","author":"Bandelow","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.06.026","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a primer.","volume":"55","author":"Hallett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-424X(09)70226-0","article-title":"Pharmacology of TMS.","volume":"56","author":"Ziemann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Suppl Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"p. 85","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-33967-2_6","article-title":"Cortical Inhibition and excitation in neuropsychiatric disorders using transcranial magnetic stimulation.","author":"Radhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Neuropsychiatric Disorders."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-199807000-00005","article-title":"Study and modulation of human cortical excitability with transcranial magnetic stimulation.","volume":"15","author":"Pascual-Leone","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2012.01.010","article-title":"A practical guide to diagnostic transcranial magnetic stimulation: report of an IFCN committee.","volume":"123","author":"Groppa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B25","first-page":"131","article-title":"Cortical excitability and neurology: insights into the pathophysiology.","volume":"27","author":"Badawy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Funct Neurol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.54.1.142","article-title":"Altered cortical excitability in obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"54","author":"Greenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.300","article-title":"Evidence for cortical inhibitory and excitatory dysfunction in obsessive compulsive disorder.","volume":"37","author":"Richter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.180064","article-title":"Changes of motor cortical excitability and response inhibition in patients with obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder.","volume":"44","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2016.02.003","article-title":"Motor cortical excitability in obsessive-compulsive disorder: transcranial magnetic stimulation study.","volume":"46","author":"Khedr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurophysiol Clin."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2013.01.014","article-title":"A meta-analysis of cortical inhibition and excitability using transcranial magnetic stimulation in psychiatric disorders.","volume":"124","author":"Radhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews.","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B32","author":"Wells","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta analyses."},{"key":"B33","first-page":"40","article-title":"Meta: an R package for meta-analysis.","volume":"7","author":"Schwarzer","year":"2007","journal-title":"R News."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604","author":"Higgins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470743386","author":"Borenstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Introduction to Meta-Analysis."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test.","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B37","first-page":"393","article-title":"Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the management of obsessive compulsive disorder.","volume":"47","author":"Badawy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Egypt J Neurol Psychiatry Neurosurg."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715001026","article-title":"Emotion regulation before and after transcranial magnetic stimulation in obsessive compulsive disorder.","volume":"45","author":"de Wit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2017.03.006","article-title":"Sleep disturbances in obsessive-compulsive disorder: association with non-response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS).","volume":"49","author":"Donse","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.02.031","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorders: double blind randomized clinical trial.","volume":"238","author":"Elbeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.019","article-title":"Continuous theta burst stimulation over the supplementary motor area in refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder treatment: a randomized sham-controlled trial.","volume":"12","author":"Harika-Germaneau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000291","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over presupplementary motor area may not be helpful in treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a case series.","volume":"32","author":"Hegde","year":"2016","journal-title":"J ECT."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.08m04500","article-title":"A randomized controlled study of sequentially applied repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"70","author":"Kang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145705005729","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and tourette\u2019s syndrome (TS).","volume":"9","author":"Mantovani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.08.054","article-title":"Modulation of motor cortex excitability in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an exploratory study on the relations of neurophysiology measures with clinical outcome.","volume":"210","author":"Mantovani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.09.049","article-title":"A transdiagnostic evaluation of cortical inhibition in severe mental disorders using transcranial magnetic stimulation.","volume":"143","author":"Mehta","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2014.02.007","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder: a \u201csensory-motor\u201d problem?","volume":"92","author":"Russo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25960","article-title":"Cortical and brainstem plasticity in tourette syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"29","author":"Suppa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780198832256.013.12","article-title":"Cortical silent period.","author":"Kofler","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00379","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation measures in the elderly: reliability, smallest detectable change and the potential influence of lifestyle habits.","volume":"10","author":"Houde","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-021-00399-3","article-title":"The reliability of transcranial magnetic stimulation-derived corticomotor inhibition as a brain health evaluation tool in soccer players.","volume":"8","author":"Di Virgilio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Med Open."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2008.06.002","article-title":"State of the art: pharmacologic effects on cortical excitability measures tested by transcranial magnetic stimulation.","volume":"1","author":"Paulus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00704.2012","article-title":"Relationship between transcranial magnetic stimulation measures of intracortical inhibition and spectroscopy measures of GABA and glutamate+glutamine.","volume":"109","author":"Tremblay","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.4137\/BMI.S11931","article-title":"Decreased hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).","volume":"8","author":"Russo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomark Insights."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.11919\/j.issn.1002-0829.216043","article-title":"Brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration of the prefrontal lobe in unmedicated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a research of magnetic resonance spectroscopy.","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Shanghai Arch Psychiatry."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2684","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.132","article-title":"Investigation of cortical glutamate-glutamine and \u03b3-aminobutyric acid in obsessive-compulsive disorder by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.","volume":"37","author":"Simpson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30152","article-title":"Evidence for the gamma-amino-butyric acid type B receptor 1 (GABBR1) gene as a susceptibility factor in obsessive-compulsive disorder.","author":"Zai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.10.045","article-title":"Dysfunction of orbitofrontal GABAergic interneurons leads to impaired reversal learning in a mouse model of obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Biol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-1211(97)00079-X","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation: its current role in epilepsy research.","volume":"30","author":"Ziemann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_201802_14321","article-title":"TMS as tool to investigate the effect of pharmacological medications on cortical plasticity.","volume":"22","author":"Caipa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2015.06.001","article-title":"In vivo effects of ketamine on glutamate-glutamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid in obsessive-compulsive disorder: proof of concept.","volume":"233","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.180230","article-title":"Dorsolateral prefrontal \u03b3-aminobutyric acid in patients with treatment-resistant depression after transcranial magnetic stimulation measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopy.","volume":"44","author":"Levitt","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.07.013","article-title":"Day-to-day variability in motor threshold during rTMS treatment for depression: clinical implications.","volume":"14","author":"Cotovio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.03.013","article-title":"Modulation of motor cortex excitability predicts antidepressant response to prefrontal cortex repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.","volume":"10","author":"Oliveira-Maia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2014.05.006","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"37","author":"Pittenger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu360","article-title":"Evidence for inhibitory deficits in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia.","author":"Radhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94494-w","article-title":"Cortical silent period reflects individual differences in action stopping performance.","volume":"11","author":"Paci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720004729","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation neurophysiology of patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"51","author":"Kinjo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1050480\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T04:59:32Z","timestamp":1670389172000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1050480\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"references-count":68,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1050480"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1050480","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"article-number":"1050480"}}