{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T11:40:33Z","timestamp":1782474033497,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent clinical studies have shown that agonists at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors effectively reduce schizophrenia symptoms. It is thus conceivable that, for the first time, a second substance class of procholinergic antipsychotics could become established alongside the usual antidopaminergic antipsychotics. In addition, various basic science studies suggest that there may be a subgroup of schizophrenia in which hypofunction of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors is of etiological importance. This could represent a major opportunity for individualized treatment of schizophrenia if markers can be identified that predict response to procholinergic vs. antidopaminergic interventions. In this perspective, non-response to antidopaminergic antipsychotics, specific symptom patterns like visual hallucinations and strong disorganization, the presence of antimuscarinic antibodies, ERP markers such as mismatch negativity, and radiotracers are presented as possible <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> markers of muscarinic deficit and thus potentially of response to procholinergic therapeutics. Finally, open questions and further research steps are outlined.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1100030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T13:23:13Z","timestamp":1673270593000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Markers of muscarinic deficit for individualized treatment in schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Heiner","family":"Stuke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp006","article-title":"The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: version III\u2014the final common pathway","volume":"35","author":"Howes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.10.4.515","article-title":"Targeting the Dopamine D2 receptor in schizophrenia","volume":"10","author":"Seeman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Targets."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.138578","article-title":"Neurobiological hypothesis for the classification of schizophrenia: type A (Hyperdopaminergic) and type B (normodopaminergic)","volume":"205","author":"Howes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn176","article-title":"Dysconnection in schizophrenia: from abnormal synaptic plasticity to failures of self-monitoring","volume":"35","author":"Stephan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.01.011","article-title":"Schizophrenia, \u201cJust the Facts\u201d 6. 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