{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T14:05:22Z","timestamp":1787580322102,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]],"date-time":"2022-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61673113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61673113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to suggest an attention assessment tool using a Digital Pen for measuring the temporal-spatial parameters during the Number Cancelation Test (NCT), and then to establish the normative data for the NCT among children in kindergartens and primary schools in China by recruiting a total of 989 children (496 males). Four measures, i.e., selective attention (SA), speed of cognitive processing (SpC), averaged time of circlings (ATC), and averaged circumference of circled curves (ACCC), were proposed to evaluate the NCT performance. They basically have a development trend with fast speed in the beginning before Grade 1 or 2 of primary schools, and then enter an extremely slow development period (with ceiling or floor effect). SA and SpC have gender and grade main effects, while ATC and ACCC have the grade main effect, only. In particular, females have higher SA scores than males in middle class of kindergarten, and Grade 2\u2013Grade 5 of primary school, but no gender differences in other grades; females have higher SpC scores than males in middle class of kindergarten, and Grade 3\u20134 of primary school, but no gender differences in other grades. More importantly, in clinical practice, if SA or SpC measure of a child is below than the 5th centile (i.e., p5 level) of his\/her grade-specific normative data, then this child may be predicted to have a high-risk of learning disabilities. Findings suggest that the proposed method can be used for early screening of learning disabilities by setting appropriate cut-off values.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.788825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]],"date-time":"2022-04-11T00:51:38Z","timestamp":1649638298000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Establishing Normative Data for the Number Cancelation Test Among Children in Kindergartens and Primary Schools in China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yachun","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fulin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengmeng","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panting","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongchuan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198570707.001.0001","author":"Bundesen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Principles of Visual Attention: Linking Mind and Brain."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2015.1049624","article-title":"Relevance drives attention: attentional bias for gain-and loss-related stimuli is driven by delayed disengagement.","volume":"69","author":"Muller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Q J Exp Psychol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.13735","article-title":"d2-R test for Japanese adolescents: concurrent validity with the attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder rating scale.","volume":"61","author":"Yuko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Int."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940003300111","article-title":"Right hemisphere dysfunction in ADHD: visual hemispatial inattention and clinical subtype.","volume":"33","author":"Sandson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-016-1423-5","article-title":"The performance on a computerized attention assessment system between children with and without learning disabilities.","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia Soc Behav Sci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-015-2088-2","article-title":"Italian standardization of the apples cancellation test.","volume":"36","author":"Mancuso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1005","article-title":"Non-spatially lateralized mechanisms in hemispatial neglect.","volume":"4","author":"Husain","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1177\/026921559200600104","article-title":"The star cancellation test in acute stroke.","volume":"6","author":"Friedman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291700038460","article-title":"A cancellation test: its reliability in assessing attentional deficits in Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"22","author":"Sala","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2016.1196164","article-title":"Clinical utility of the K-T cancellation test in a memory clinic population.","volume":"38","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00718018","article-title":"Visuoperception and visuospatial and visuorotational performance in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"235","author":"Ransmayr","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-303042","article-title":"Cognitive and mood effects of phenobarbital treatment in people with epilepsy in rural China: a prospective study.","volume":"83","author":"Ding","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713002535","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in depression: a systematic review and metaanalysis.","volume":"44","author":"Rock","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B14","article-title":"Disorders of information processing speed and attention in traumatic brain injury patients: evidence from digit cancellation test.","volume":"16","author":"Ito","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1080\/13854049408404136","article-title":"Evaluation of the reliability and validity of the repeatable cognitive-perceptual-motor battery.","volume":"8","author":"Kelland","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/58.9.m832","article-title":"Visual attention and driving behaviors among community-living older persons.","volume":"58","author":"Richardson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci."},{"key":"B17","first-page":"373","article-title":"World Medical Association declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects.","volume":"79","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948101400508","article-title":"The efficiency of Myklebust\u2019s pupil rating scale for detecting reading and arithmetic difficulties.","volume":"14","author":"Margolis","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.232.27","article-title":"Learning disability in 10- to 16-year-old adolescents with very low birth weight in Japan.","volume":"232","author":"Tanabe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med."},{"key":"B20","first-page":"682","article-title":"Reliability and validity of revised pupil rating scale in regional implementation of learning disability screening.","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin Prev Med."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36697","article-title":"Descriptive epidemiology of prenatal and perinatal risk factors in a Chinese population with reading disorder.","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-05259-3","article-title":"Figure disembedding: the Gottschaldt\u2019s hidden figure test in children with typical development and autism.","author":"Conson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780111005","article-title":"Smoothing reference centile curves: the LMS method and penalized likelihood.","volume":"11","author":"Cole","year":"1992","journal-title":"Stat Med."},{"key":"B24","first-page":"48","article-title":"An amalgamated method for estimating age-related centiles.","volume":"7","author":"Ayatollahi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Sci."},{"key":"B25","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949202500206","article-title":"A comparative study of the learning style preferences of students with learning disabilities and students who are gifted.","volume":"25","author":"Yong","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-010-0024-0","article-title":"Gender differences in self- and investigator-rated psychopathology in adult attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"2","author":"Retz-Junginger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atten Defic Hyperact Disord."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2010.01.006","article-title":"Gender differences in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"33","author":"Rucklidge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.05.005","article-title":"Gender differences in adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a narrative review.","volume":"40","author":"Williamson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.788825\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]],"date-time":"2022-04-11T00:51:44Z","timestamp":1649638304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.788825\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]]},"references-count":29,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.788825"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.788825","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]]},"article-number":"788825"}}