{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T04:45:43Z","timestamp":1792212343961,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Since 2014, the profiles of radicalized individuals have changed with the appearance of radical groups composed of a large proportion of adolescents. Various individual, relational, and social vulnerabilities have been identified as being involved in the radicalization process of adolescents. Among these factors, it appears that early and repeated history of personal and\/or family psychotraumatism may constitute factors of vulnerability to violent radicalization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The clinical situation of a 17-year-old woman convicted of \u201clinks with a terrorist group (DAECH)\u201d was recruited from the 130 radicalized young people followed by the teams of the <jats:italic>Maison des Adolescents<\/jats:italic> and the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Service of the University Hospitals of Strasbourg since May 2015. Based on the analysis of this clinical case, we present the hypothesis that post-traumatic antecedents can constitute vulnerability factors to violent radicalization, and that post-traumatic symptoms can be \u201cused\u201d by recruiters of radical movements at different moments of the radicalization process by reactivating post-traumatic psychic mechanisms, but also, for a smaller number of subjects, by the induction of the trauma (viewing of propaganda videos).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We show a possible link between violent radicalization and complex psycho-traumatism with an impact of the reactivation of post-traumatic mechanisms such as (i) the activation of the autonomic nervous system and emotional dysregulation on violent acts, (ii) the activation of dissociation mechanisms (psychic sideration and post-traumatic amnesia) on indoctrination and violent acts, (iii) the activation of control mechanisms on the search for a strict framework of life and a radical ideology and (iv) relational avoidance on the processes of relational rupture and radical socialization. Thus, we highlight that the radicalization process can respond to the needs and psychic functioning of psycho-traumatized individuals (channeling tensions, being recognized and active in one's life).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We discuss the central role of propaganda videos in the activation of the ANS and dissociation, and the self-perpetuating process between these two posttraumatic mechanisms. We also discuss clinical and therapeutic perspectives (therapies targeting complex psychotrauma).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Psychotrauma can promote radicalization due to vulnerability mechanisms. Treatments targeting psychotrauma may be one of the ways to get these young people out of violent radicalization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.793291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]],"date-time":"2022-03-27T22:33:10Z","timestamp":1648420390000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Violent Radicalization and Post-traumatic Dissociation: Clinical Case of a Young Adolescent Girl Radicalized"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Julie","family":"Rolling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Corduan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen M.","family":"Schroder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amaury C.","family":"Mengin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurenf.2016.08.003","article-title":"\u226a Radicalisation djihadiste \u226b et psychiatrie de l'adolescent","volume":"64","author":"Ludot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Enfance Adolesc."},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"Rapport d'enqu\u00eate de M. Patrick Mennucci sur la surveillance des fili\u00e8res et des individus djihadistes. N 2828\n            CiottiE\n            MenucciR\n          Paris2015"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amp.2015.12.011","article-title":"Qui sont les djihadistes fran\u00e7ais? analyse de 12 cas pour contribuer \u00e0 l'\u00e9laboration de profils et \u00e0 l'\u00e9valuation du risque de passage \u00e0 l'acte","volume":"174","author":"Bazex","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann M\u00e9d-Psychol Rev Psychiatr."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s12115-017-0114-0","article-title":"Cyber-extremism: ISIS and the power of social media","volume":"54","author":"Awan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Society."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1080\/09546553.2019.1586676","article-title":"Social Media mechanisms for right-wing political violence in the 21st century: discursive opportunities, group dynamics, and co-ordination","volume":"33","author":"Wahlstr\u00f6m","year":"2021","journal-title":"Terror Polit Violence."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/10576100390145198","article-title":"Defining religious terrorism: a causal and anthological profile","volume":"26","author":"Schbley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stud Confl Terror."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s10611-011-9287-4","article-title":"Selected literature on radicalization and de-radicalization of terrorists: monographs, edited volumes, grey literature and prime articles published since the 1960s","volume":"55","author":"Schmid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crime Law Soc Change."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.2122","article-title":"The Quest for significance model of radicalization: implications for the management of terrorist detainees: significance quest and the management of terrorists","volume":"32","author":"Dugas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav Sci Law."},{"key":"B9","first-page":"3","article-title":"The mind of the terrorist : a review and critique of psychological approaches","volume-title":"J Confl Resolut.","author":"Victoroff","year":"2012"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00644","article-title":"Do radicalized minors have different social and psychological profiles from radicalized adults?","volume":"10","author":"Oppetit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1177\/0022427815627312","article-title":"Narratives of childhood adversity and adolescent misconduct as precursors to violent extremism: a life-course criminological approach","volume":"53","author":"Simi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Res Crime Delinquency."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e105918","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105918","article-title":"Might depression, psychosocial adversity, and limited social assets explain vulnerability to and resistance against violent radicalisation?","volume":"9","author":"Bhui","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2018.03.001","article-title":"Who are the European youths willing to engage in radicalisation? a multidisciplinary review of their psychological and social profiles","volume":"52","author":"Campelo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s10566-011-9155-5","article-title":"The influence of education and socialization on radicalization: an exploration of theoretical presumptions and empirical research","volume":"41","author":"Pels","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child Youth Care Forum."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2014.992008","article-title":"A systematic review of pathways to and processes associated with radicalization and extremism amongst Muslims in western societies","volume":"27","author":"McGilloway","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1080\/02134748.2013.878571","article-title":"Intention of activism and radicalism among Muslim and Christian youth in a marginal neighbourhood in a Spanish city \/ Intenci\u00f3n de activismo y radicalismo de j\u00f3venes musulmanes y cristianos residentes en un barrio marginal de una ciudad espa\u00f1ola","volume":"29","author":"Moyano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Psicol Soc."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurenf.2017.10.002","article-title":"La radicalisation, un nouveau sympt\u00f4me adolescent?","volume":"66","author":"Rolling","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Enfance Adolesc."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E51","DOI":"10.1017\/sjp.2016.49","article-title":"Male youth perceptions of violent extremism: towards a test of rational choice theory","volume":"19","author":"Dhami","year":"2016","journal-title":"Span J Psychol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1353\/sof.2006.0001","article-title":"White supremacists, oppositional culture and the world wide web","volume":"84","author":"Adams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soc Forces."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.148.1.10","article-title":"Childhood traumas: an outline and overview","volume":"148","author":"Terr","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B21","unstructured":"Radicalit\u00e9 engag\u00e9e, radicalit\u00e9s r\u00e9volt\u00e9es Enqu\u00eate sur les jeunes suivis par la protection judiciaire de la jeunesse (PJJ)\n            BonelliL\n            Carri\u00e9F\n          2018"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174414000257","article-title":"Early stress and human behavioral development: emerging evolutionary perspectives","volume":"5","author":"Del Giudice","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Dev Orig Health Dis."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.09.009","article-title":"Desperately driven and no brakes: developmental stress exposure and subsequent risk for substance abuse","volume":"33","author":"Andersen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e232","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2663","article-title":"The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress","volume":"129","author":"Shonkoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.3390\/children1030390","article-title":"Toxic stress: effects, prevention and treatment","volume":"1","author":"Franke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Children."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00623","article-title":"Community violence exposure, social cognition, and aggression among urban elementary school children","volume":"74","author":"Guerra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2018.02.003","article-title":"The time for causal designs: review and evaluation of empirical support for mechanisms of political radicalisation","volume":"39","author":"G\u00f8tzsche-Astrup","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Behav."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1080\/14789949.2020.1758752","article-title":"Violent extremism, mental health and substance abuse among adolescents: towards a trauma psychological perspective on violent radicalization and deradicalization","volume":"31","author":"Koehler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Forensic Psychiatry Psychol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20619","article-title":"Anger, aggression, and self-harm in PTSD and complex PTSD","volume":"65","author":"Dyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000254","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist for diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders\u2013fifth edition (PCL-5) in veterans","volume":"28","author":"Bovin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Assess."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2004.06.033","article-title":"Validation of the peritraumatic dissociative experiences questionnaire self-report version in two samples of French-speaking individuals exposed to trauma","volume":"20","author":"Birmes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(97)90033-X","article-title":"Validation of the structured interview for disorders of extreme stress","volume":"38","author":"Zlotnick","year":"1997","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.2.369","article-title":"Implications of childhood sexual abuse for adult borderline personality disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"160","author":"McLean","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2005.11.001","article-title":"Posttraumatic personality disorder: a reformulation of complex posttraumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder","volume":"29","author":"Classen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am."},{"key":"B35","first-page":"423","volume-title":"Dissociation in Children and Adolescents: A Developmental Perspective","author":"Putnam","year":"1997"},{"key":"B36","volume-title":"\u226a La m\u00e9moire traumatique et les conduites dissociantes \u226b, in Coutanceau Roland, Lemitre Samuel, Smith Joanna, Traumas et r\u00e9silience","author":"Salmona","year":"2012"},{"key":"B37","volume-title":"La r\u00e9gulation affective et la r\u00e9paration du soi","author":"Schore","year":"2008"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.76.1.84","article-title":"Sleep disturbance preceding completed suicide in adolescents","volume":"76","author":"Goldstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838003259321","article-title":"Dissociation and violence: a review of the literature","volume":"5","author":"Moskowitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse."},{"key":"B40","first-page":"121","article-title":"Violence and dissociation","volume-title":"Understanding and Treating Violent Psychiatric Patients","author":"Porteus","year":"2000"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.2370010308","article-title":"The Vietnam veteran on wal: The relation of post-traumatic stress disorder to criminal behavior","volume":"1","author":"Wilson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Behav Sci Law."},{"key":"B42","first-page":"147","article-title":"Dissociation: defining the concept in criminal forensic psychiatry","volume":"45","author":"Bourget","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Acad Psychiatry Law."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e31815fa4e7","article-title":"Dissociative disorders and suicidality in psychiatric outpatients","volume":"196","author":"Foote","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evopsy.2014.09.002","article-title":"Dissociation et passage \u00e0 l'acte violent : une revue de litt\u00e9rature","volume":"80","author":"Vandevoorde","year":"2015","journal-title":"L\u00c9volution Psychiatr."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.13189\/sa.2017.050804","article-title":"A novel motivation-based conceptual framework for disengagement and de-radicalization programs","volume":"5","author":"Bouzar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sociol Anthropol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1080\/1057610X.2017.1385903","article-title":"Let's play a video game: jihadi propaganda in the world of electronic entertainment","volume":"42","author":"Lakomy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stud Confl Terror."},{"key":"B47","first-page":"326","volume-title":"Trauma and Recovery","author":"Herman","year":"2015"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1080\/10576100600698550","article-title":"The making of a martyr: chechen suicide terrorism","volume":"29","author":"Speckhard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stud Confl Terror."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000217832.85665.c5","article-title":"Childhood physical abuse and differential development of paranormal belief systems","volume":"194","author":"Perkins","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1111\/josi.12030","article-title":"Determinants of radicalization of islamic youth in the Netherlands: personal uncertainty, perceived injustice, and perceived group threat: determinants of radicalization of Islamic youth in the Netherlands","volume":"69","author":"Doosje","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Soc Issues."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007123414000374","article-title":"Conflict will harden your heart: exposure to violence, psychological distress, and peace barriers in Israel and Palestine","volume":"46","author":"Hirsch-Hoefler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Polit Sci."},{"key":"B52","volume-title":"Explaining and Understanding the Role Of Exposure to New Social Media on Violent Extremism: An Integrative Quantitative and Qualitative Approach","author":"Pauwels","year":"2014"},{"key":"B53","volume-title":"La pens\u00e9e extr\u00eame: comment des hommes ordinaires deviennent des fanatiques","author":"Bronner","year":"2016"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049096517001020","article-title":"Radicalization and violent emotions","volume":"50","author":"van Stekelenburg","year":"2017","journal-title":"PS Polit Sci Polit."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1037\/tam0000090","article-title":"The state of scientific knowledge regarding factors associated with terrorism","volume":"4","author":"Desmarais","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Threat Assess Manag."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.116.186510","article-title":"Extremism, religion and psychiatric morbidity in a population-based sample of young men","volume":"209","author":"Coid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B57","unstructured":"2018"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.793291\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]],"date-time":"2022-03-27T22:33:19Z","timestamp":1648420399000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.793291\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.793291"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.793291","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]]},"article-number":"793291"}}