{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T17:01:08Z","timestamp":1769878868046,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Substance use disorders (SUDs) are a common yet poorly studied comorbidity in individuals with psychotic disorders. The co-occurrence of the two complicates recovery and interferes with pharmacological and behavioral treatment response and adherence. Recently, researchers have been exploring both invasive and non-invasive neuromodulation techniques as potential treatment methods for SUDs. We review the evidence that neuromodulation may reduce substance craving and consumption in individuals with schizophrenia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO databases was conducted (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 1,432). Of these, we identified seven studies examining the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and two studies using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on drug consumption and craving in schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite the limited number of studies in this area, the evidence suggests that rTMS to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) may reduce cannabis and tobacco use in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Findings with tDCS, however, were inconclusive.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our systematic review suggests that rTMS applied to DLPFC is a safe and promising therapeutic technique for the management of comorbid schizophrenia and SUDs, with the majority of the evidence in tobacco use disorder. However, there was substantial heterogeneity in study methods, underscoring the need to optimize stimulation parameters (e.g., frequency, duration, and target regions). Larger clinical trials are needed to establish the efficacy of rTMS in reducing drug consumption and craving in psychotic patients, ideally in comparison to existing pharmacological and behavioral interventions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.793938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T05:25:53Z","timestamp":1644816353000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Neuromodulation to Treat Substance Use Disorders in People With Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Samantha","family":"Johnstone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Sorkhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nada","family":"Al-Saghir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darby J. E.","family":"Lowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vaughn R.","family":"Steele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Godfrey D.","family":"Pearlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Castle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tony P.","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"James","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B2","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Multidimensional Phenotype of Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia in a Molecular Age. Review of Psychiatry Series","author":"Liddle","year":"1999"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.011","article-title":"Prevalence of comorbid substance use in schizophrenia spectrum disorders in community and clinical settings, 1990\u20132017: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"191","author":"Hunt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01134-9","article-title":"A neurobiological basis for substance abuse comorbidity in schizophrenia","volume":"50","author":"Chambers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00672","article-title":"Neurobiological determinants of tobacco smoking in schizophrenia","volume":"9","author":"Lucatch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006934","article-title":"Motivations that maintain substance use among individuals with psychotic disorders","volume":"28","author":"Spencer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13480","article-title":"Quetiapine and other antipsychotics combined with opioids in legal autopsy cases: a random finding or cause of fatal outcome?","volume":"128","author":"Andersen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(01)00261-4","article-title":"Medication compliance and comorbid substance abuse in schizophrenia: impact on community survival 4 years after a relapse","volume":"54","author":"Hunt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.04.004","article-title":"Comorbid substance-use in schizophrenia: Relation to positive and negative symptoms","volume":"86","author":"Talamo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2016.1200592","article-title":"Treatment of substance use disorders in schizophrenia","volume":"43","author":"Bennett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd001088","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001088.pub4","article-title":"Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse","volume":"12","author":"Hunt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochr Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1300\/J374v03n03_04","article-title":"Neurobiological links between nicotine addiction and schizophrenia","volume":"3","author":"George","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Dual Diagn."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2007.01.008","article-title":"Substance abuse and schizophrenia: pharmacotherapeutic intervention","volume":"34","author":"Green","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Substance Abuse Treatment."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-017-0130-6","article-title":"Traits and biomarkers for addiction risk in schizophrenia","volume":"4","author":"Kozak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Addict Rep."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1000 Faculty Rev-389","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.6633.1","article-title":"Update on neuromodulation for treatment-resistant depression","volume":"4","author":"Bewernick","year":"2015","journal-title":"F1000Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.05.021","article-title":"Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)","volume":"125","author":"Lefaucheur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-018-9393-5","article-title":"Efficacy of invasive and non-invasive brain modulation interventions for addiction","volume":"29","author":"Luigjes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12674","article-title":"A review of brain stimulation methods to treat substance use disorders","volume":"27","author":"Coles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Addict."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.12.033","article-title":"Theta burst stimulation of the human motor cortex","volume":"45","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1770","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usaa149","article-title":"Exploring theta burst stimulation for post-traumatic stress disorder in Australian veterans\u2014a pilot study","volume":"185","author":"Nursey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Milit Med."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.01.037","article-title":"High frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for methamphetamine use disorders: a randomised clinical trial","volume":"175","author":"Su","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.03.016","article-title":"Seizures from transcranial magnetic stimulation 2012\u20132016: results of a survey of active laboratories and clinics","volume":"130","author":"Lerner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.06.007","article-title":"Transcranial electrical and magnetic stimulation (tES and TMS) for addiction medicine: a consensus paper on the present state of the science and the road ahead","volume":"104","author":"Ekhtiari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.05.012","article-title":"Seizure risk with repetitive TMS: survey results from over a half-million treatment sessions","volume":"14","author":"Taylor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.11.012","article-title":"A technical guide to tDCS, and related non-invasive brain stimulation tools","volume":"127","author":"Woods","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112744","article-title":"Tolerance of transcranial direct current stimulation in psychiatric disorders: an analysis of 2000+ sessions","volume":"284","author":"Chhabra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-316946","article-title":"Approaches to neuromodulation for schizophrenia","volume":"89","author":"Gault","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00137","article-title":"rTMS-induced changes in glutamatergic and dopaminergic systems: relevance to cocaine and methamphetamine use disorders","volume":"14","author":"Moretti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0136182","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136182","article-title":"The impact of accelerated right prefrontal high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on cue-reactivity: an fMRI study on craving in recently detoxified alcohol-dependent patients","volume":"10","author":"Herremans","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02777.x","article-title":"Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in alcohol dependence: a sham-controlled study","volume":"105","author":"Mishra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"PCC.12m01438","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.12m01438","article-title":"Efficacy of add-on deep transcranial magnetic stimulation in comorbid alcohol dependence and dysthymic disorder: three case reports","volume":"15","author":"Rapinesi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prim Care Companion CNS Disord."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.11.015","article-title":"Antidepressant effectiveness of deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (dTMS) in patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) with or without Alcohol Use Disorders (AUDs): a 6-month, open label, follow-up study","volume":"174","author":"Rapinesi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2014-0188","article-title":"Deep TMS on alcoholics: effects on cortisolemia and dopamine pathway modulation. A pilot study","volume":"93","author":"Ceccanti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02448.x","article-title":"Repeated high-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reduces cigarette craving and consumption","volume":"104","author":"Amiaz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v64n0815","article-title":"High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation decreases cigarette smoking","volume":"64","author":"Eichhammer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2013.11.003","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex decreases cue-induced nicotine craving and EEG delta power","volume":"7","author":"Pripfl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.037","article-title":"Preventing relapse to smoking with transcranial magnetic stimulation: feasibility and potential efficacy","volume":"182","author":"Sheffer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.06.002","article-title":"One session of high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the right prefrontal cortex transiently reduces cocaine craving","volume":"86","author":"Camprodon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490802139283","article-title":"Daily sessions of transcranial magnetic stimulation to the left prefrontal cortex gradually reduce cocaine craving","volume":"17","author":"Politi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Addictions."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2015.11.011","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reduces cocaine use: a pilot study","volume":"26","author":"Terraneo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01147","article-title":"Accelerated intermittent theta-burst stimulation as a treatment for cocaine use disorder: a proof-of-concept study","volume":"13","author":"Steele","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.12.020","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation applied to the dorsolateral and ventromedial prefrontal cortices in smokers modifies cognitive circuits implicated in the nicotine withdrawal syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Fischell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.018","article-title":"Neurophysiological, psychological and behavioural correlates of rTMS treatment in alcohol dependence","volume":"158","author":"Del Felice","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.07.021","article-title":"No influence of one right-sided prefrontal HF-rTMS session on alcohol craving in recently detoxified alcohol-dependent patients: Results of a naturalistic study","volume":"120","author":"Herremans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agt054","article-title":"Reduced intra-individual reaction time variability during a Go\u2013NoGo task in detoxified alcohol-dependent patients after one right-sided dorsolateral prefrontal HF-rTMS session","volume":"48","author":"Herremans","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mppsy.2008.07.013","article-title":"Neuropathology of schizophrenia","volume":"7","author":"Harrison","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatry."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-017-9806-8","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and schizophrenia independently and reversibly altered intrinsic brain activity","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.06.001","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex may improve symptoms of anhedonia in individuals with cocaine use disorder: a pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Pettorruso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e32835ab46d","article-title":"The expanding evidence base for rTMS treatment of depression","volume":"26","author":"George","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed1000097","article-title":"Preferred Reporting items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA Statement","volume":"6","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.08.002","article-title":"Nicotine smoking prevents the effects of frontotemporal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in hallucinating patients with schizophrenia","volume":"8","author":"Brunelin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.11919\/j.issn.1002-0829.216044","article-title":"Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on cigarette smoking in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"28","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Shanghai Arch Psychiatry."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.05.036","article-title":"Letter to the editor: influence of rTMS on smoking in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"192","author":"Kamp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.02.015","article-title":"Effects of short-term, high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on smoking behavior and cognition in patients with schizophrenia and non-psychiatric controls","volume":"197","author":"Kozak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B56","article-title":"A preliminary randomized, sham-controlled trial of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to treat cannabis use and cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia","author":"Kozak-Bidzinski","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Schizophr."},{"key":"B57","first-page":"5","article-title":"The effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on nicotinism in schizophrenia: an open study","volume":"109","author":"Prikryl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Czech Slovak Psychiatry."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2013.10.019","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces cigarette consumption in schizophrenia patients","volume":"49","author":"Prikryl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2015.06.011","article-title":"Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on cognition, symptoms, and smoking in schizophrenia: a randomized controlled study","volume":"168","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.03.006","article-title":"High frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces tobacco craving in schizophrenia","volume":"139","author":"Wing","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S189","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.95.8s2.8.x","article-title":"The measurement of drug craving","volume":"95","author":"Sayette","year":"2000","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2021.173240","article-title":"Treating cocaine and opioid use disorder with transcranial magnetic stimulation: a path forward","volume":"209","author":"Steele","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00296-2","article-title":"Effects of smoking abstinence on visuospatial working memory function in schizophrenia","volume":"26","author":"George","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4274","article-title":"Nicotine reverses hypofrontality in animal models of addiction and schizophrenia","volume":"23","author":"Koukouli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12903","article-title":"Effects of tobacco smoking status on verbal learning and memory in patients with schizophrenia and non-psychiatric controls","volume":"28","author":"Kozak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Addict."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.05.037","article-title":"Neuropsychological performance in patients with schizophrenia and controls as a function of cigarette smoking status","volume":"188","author":"Wing","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2008.11.027","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on negative and positive symptoms in schizophrenia","volume":"108","author":"Freitas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-020-01163-6","article-title":"Frontal\u2013striatal connectivity and positive symptoms of schizophrenia: implications for the mechanistic basis of prefrontal rTMS","volume":"271","author":"Limongi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2013.783993","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for treating major depression and schizophrenia: a systematic review of recent meta-analyses","volume":"45","author":"Hovington","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Med."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852920001479","article-title":"Substance-related exogenous psychosis: a postmodern syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Martinotti","year":"2021","journal-title":"CNS Spectrums."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.109118","article-title":"Cannabis use disorder and dissociation: a report from a prospective first-episode psychosis study","volume":"229","author":"Ricci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(03)00048-8","article-title":"Induction of mania by rTMS: report of two cases","volume":"18","author":"Sakkas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.02.018","article-title":"Treatment-emergent mania with psychosis in bipolar depression with left intermittent theta-burst rTMS","volume":"13","author":"Kaster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.9740\/mhc.2021.11.373","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation-associated mania with psychosis: a case report","volume":"11","author":"Knox","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ment Health Clin."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v40.1.06","article-title":"Alcohol use disorder and schizophrenia and schizoaffective? disorders","volume":"40","author":"Archibald","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alcohol Res Curr Rev."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2007.01135.x","article-title":"Illicit drug use in patients with psychotic disorders compared with that in the general population: a cross-sectional study","volume":"117","author":"Ringen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Act Psychiatr Scand."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867414533838","article-title":"Stimulant and other substance use disorders in schizophrenia: Prevalence, correlates and impacts in a population sample","volume":"48","author":"Sara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Australian N Z J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S104807","article-title":"Information bias in health research: definition, pitfalls, and adjustment methods","volume":"2016","author":"Althubaiti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Multidisciplin Healthcare."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.11.042","article-title":"Impact of antipsychotic medication on transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) effects in schizophrenia patients","volume":"235","author":"Agarwal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.8.1070","article-title":"Are males more likely than females to develop schizophrenia?","volume":"149","author":"Iacono","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.793938\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T05:26:00Z","timestamp":1644816360000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.793938\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"references-count":80,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.793938"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.793938","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"article-number":"793938"}}