{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T22:40:00Z","timestamp":1776811200355,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]],"date-time":"2022-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The percentage of forensic psychiatric patients who are female varies from 5 to 13% in Europe, rises to 18% in England and Wales, and sits at 15% in Canada. Similarly, many fewer women than men are incarcerated in correctional facilities. While these statistics supposedly reflect less antisocial and aggressive behavior (AAB) among females than males, not all findings support this supposition. Data from prospective longitudinal studies show that aggressive and antisocial behavior onsets in childhood, and in a small group of females it remains stable across the life-span. Unlike similar males, few of these females are convicted of crimes. This article begins with a review of descriptive studies of females sentenced by criminal courts to treatment in forensic psychiatric hospitals and moves on to present evidence showing that most female AAB does not lead to criminal prosecution. Next, studies of female AAB are reviewed, noting that it onsets in early childhood and, that in a small group remains stable across the life-span. Subsequent sections of the article focus on the two most common mental disorders presented by female forensic patients, schizophrenia and borderline personality disorder, highlighting what is known about the sub-groups of women with these disorders who present AAB. The article concludes with recommendations for earlier identification by psychiatric services of women presenting mental disorders and AAB, treatments to reduce both the symptoms of their mental disorders and their life-long AAB, and the research that is needed in order to improve the effectiveness of these treatments. The real possibilities of prevention of the development of AAB, and even perhaps aspects of the mental disorders that plague female forensic patients, are described.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.809901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]],"date-time":"2022-02-10T06:45:48Z","timestamp":1644475548000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Female Forensic Patients May Be an Atypical Sub-type of Females Presenting Aggressive and Antisocial Behavior"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sheilagh","family":"Hodgins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118650868.ch10","article-title":"Antisocial personality disorder","author":"Hodgins","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Forensic Neuroscience"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579408000333","article-title":"Female and male antisocial trajectories: from childhood origins to adult outcomes","volume":"20","author":"Odgers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14999013.2016.1141439","article-title":"Gender matters: an introduction to the special issues on women and girls","volume":"15","author":"Vogel V","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Forensic Ment Health."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1080\/1068316X.2018.1556267","article-title":"Gender differences in violent offending: Results from a multicentre comparison study in Dutch forensic psychiatry","volume":"25","author":"Vogel V","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol Crime Law."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721003433","article-title":"A multinational case-control study comparing forensic and non-forensic patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: the EU-VIORMED project","author":"Girolamo G","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/14999013.2007.10471250","article-title":"A comparison of general adult and forensic patients with schizophrenia living in the community","volume":"6","author":"Hodgins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Forensic Ment Health."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-020-01909-6","article-title":"Forensic mental health in Europe: some key figures","volume":"56","author":"Tomlin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371506000305","article-title":"The national trajectory project of individuals found not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder in Canada. 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