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It is especially important to pinpoint differences in HD BZD addict subgroups in order to tailor treatment to the individual's specific needs, also considering possible comorbidities with other substance use disorders. We conducted a study to evaluate HD BZD dependence (converted doses to diazepam equivalents, mg) in an Italian sample of 1,354 participants. We also investigated if and to which extent participants co-used other substances (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis\/cannabinoids, cocaine, and heroin). We then performed latent class analysis (LCA) to identify the use patterns of these substances, finding three classes: participants in Class 1 (4.3% of the sample) had the highest probability of also using cocaine and alcohol (Polysubstance BZD users); Class 2 comprised subjects with the highest probability of being former heroin, cocaine, THC, and alcohol users (Former polysubstance BZD users); Class 3 represented mono-dependence BZD users (78.5% of the sample) and was the most prevalent among women, while young men were most prevalent in Class 1.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The present study underlines different characteristics in HD BZD users both concerning other addictions and sex, and also highlights the need for a stricter control of BZD use, ranging from prescriptions to sales.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.811130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T05:22:03Z","timestamp":1643088123000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Polysubstance Use Patterns Among High Dose Benzodiazepine Users: A Latent Class Analysis and Differences Between Male and Female Use"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Zamboni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Portoghese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Congiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Zandonai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Casari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Fusina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Bertoldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Lugoboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1611832","article-title":"Treatment of benzodiazepine dependence","volume":"376","author":"Soyka","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04418.x","article-title":"Benzodiazepine harm: how can it be reduced?","volume":"77","author":"Lader","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2011.01.002","article-title":"The discovery of chlordiazepoxide and the clinical introduction of benzodiazepines: half a century of anxiolytic drugs","volume":"25","author":"L\u00f3pez-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-14-191","article-title":"General practitioners'experiences and perceptions of benzodiazepine prescribing: systematic review and meta-synthesis","volume":"14","author":"Sirdifield","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881113503509","article-title":"Benzodiazepines: risks and benefits. 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