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Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Impaired cognitive function related to intrusive memories of traumatic experiences is the most noticeable characteristic of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); nevertheless, the brain mechanism involved in the cognitive processing is still elusive. To improve the understanding of the neuropathology in PTSD patients, we investigated functional cortical networks that are based on graph theory, by using electroencephalogram (EEG). EEG signals, elicited by an auditory oddball paradigm, were recorded from 53 PTSD patients and 39 healthy controls (HCs). Source signals in 68 regions of interests were estimated using EEG data for each subject using minimum-norm estimation. Then, using source signals of each subject, time-frequency analysis was conducted, and a functional connectivity matrix was constructed using the imaginary part of coherence, which was used to evaluate three global-level (strength, clustering coefficient, and path length) and two nodal-level (strength and clustering coefficients) network indices in four frequency bands (theta, alpha, low-beta, and high-beta). The relationships between the network indices and symptoms were evaluated using Pearson\u2019s correlation. Compared with HCs, PTSD patients showed significantly reduced spectral powers around P300 periods and significantly altered network indices (diminished strength and clustering coefficient, and prolonged path length) in theta frequency band. In addition, the nodal strengths and nodal clustering coefficients in theta band of PTSD patients were significantly reduced, compared with those of HCs, and the reduced nodal clustering coefficients in parieto-temporo-occipital regions had negative correlations with the symptom scores (Impact of Event Scale-Revises, Beck Depression Inventory, and Beck Anxiety Inventory). The characterization of this disrupted pattern improves the understanding of the neuropathophysiology underlying the impaired cognitive function in PTSD patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.811766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T05:34:51Z","timestamp":1660196091000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Impaired functional cortical networks in the theta frequency band of patients with post-traumatic stress disorder during auditory-cognitive processing"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Miseon","family":"Shim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han-Jeong","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Hwan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-006x.67.5.705","article-title":"Cognitive processing of trauma cues in rape victims with post-traumatic stress disorder.","volume":"16","author":"Cassiday","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cognit Ther Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20208","article-title":"Functional neuroimaging studies in posttraumatic stress disorder: Review of current methods and findings.","volume":"24","author":"Francati","year":"2007","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.10.198","article-title":"Functional neuroimaging studies of post-traumatic stress disorder.","volume":"11","author":"Hughes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2012.00089","article-title":"Information processing in PTSD: Evidence for biased attentional, interpretation, and memory processes.","volume":"4","author":"Bomyea","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychopathol Rev."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-017-0837-2","article-title":"Impaired working memory updating affects memory for emotional and non-emotional materials the same way: Evidence from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).","volume":"19","author":"Nejati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cogn Process."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1364.007","article-title":"Amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, and hippocampal function in PTSD.","volume":"1071","author":"Shin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720002949","article-title":"Stress-related cognitive style is related to volumetric change of the hippocampus and FK506 binding protein 5 polymorphism in post-traumatic stress disorder.","volume":"52","author":"Yun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.03.021","article-title":"Neural networks of information processing in posttraumatic stress disorder: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study.","volume":"58","author":"Bryant","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2008.10.014","article-title":"The role of trauma-related distractors on neural systems for working memory and emotion processing in posttraumatic stress disorder.","volume":"43","author":"Morey","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.02.008","article-title":"Executive function and PTSD: Disengaging from trauma.","volume":"62","author":"Aupperle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0936","article-title":"Prefrontal cortical contributions to working memory: Evidence from event-related fMRI studies. 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