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This study aimed to examine the efficacy and EEG substrates of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) in alleviating depression and rumination in an MDD population with residual symptoms. We recruited 26 recurrent MDD individuals who had residual symptoms with their current antidepressants to participate in the 8-week MBCT intervention. We evaluated the efficacy and changes in the dynamics of resting-state theta rhythm after the intervention, as well as the associations between theta alterations and improvements in depression and rumination. The participants showed reduced depression, enhanced adaptive reflective rumination, and increased theta power and phase synchronization after MBCT. The increased theta-band phase synchronizations between the right occipital regions and the right prefrontal, central, and parietal regions were associated with reduced depression, while the increase in theta power in the left parietal region was associated with improvements in reflective rumination. MBCT could alleviate depression and enhance adaptive, reflective rumination in recurrent MDD individuals with residual symptoms through the modulation of theta dynamics in specific brain regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.818298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]],"date-time":"2022-03-07T06:02:26Z","timestamp":1646632946000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in Recurrent MDD Patients With Residual Symptoms: Alterations in Resting-State Theta Oscillation Dynamics Associated With Changes in Depression and Rumination"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingling","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32335-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.01.020","article-title":"Comparison of residual depressive symptoms and functional impairment between fully and partially remitted patients with major depressive disorder: a multicenter study","volume":"261","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-009-0031-3","article-title":"Type of residual symptom and risk of relapse during the continuation\/maintenance phase treatment of major depressive disorder with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine","volume":"260","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x","article-title":"Rethinking rumination","volume":"3","author":"Nolen-Hoeksema","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-012-9199-9","article-title":"The default mode network and recurrent depression: a neurobiological model of cognitive risk factors","volume":"22","author":"Marchetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018713313894","article-title":"Roberts EG, Ian H. 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