{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T21:18:43Z","timestamp":1786483123569,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]],"date-time":"2022-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007397","name":"Univerzita Karlova v Praze","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007397","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The length of forensic stay (LoS) is a subject to country-specific legal and service systems. Therefore, the identification of common factors targetable by treatment is at the forefront of forensic psychiatric research. In this study, we present the first reports of forensic characteristics of patients from the Czechia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a retrospective analysis of data from 260 inpatients discharged from the Bohnice Hospital (Prague) and obtained a set of sociodemographic and clinical variables as well as the Health of the Nation Outcome Scale (HoNOS) and HoNOS-secure scores.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The following variables were identified as significantly associated with a longer LoS: older age, length of previous psychiatric hospitalization, olanzapine equivalent, clozapine treatment, psychosocial dysfunction, psychotic or paraphilic disorder diagnosis, and sexual offense. A shorter LoS was associated with being in a relationship, being employed before hospitalization, receiving personal support, and committing an index offense under the influence of substance. While the HoNOS score and HoNOS symptom subscale predicted a longer LoS, the HoNOS-secure subscale predicted a shorter stay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the European context, our hospital has a relatively low LoS. The results are consistent with findings linking psychotic disorders and paraphilia with a longer LoS in forensic treatment. Higher doses of antipsychotic medication or clozapine prescriptions were associated with a longer LoS. The results show a high level of unmet needs in this population, highlighting the importance of the availability of follow-up service.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.825615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]],"date-time":"2022-05-04T05:35:42Z","timestamp":1651642542000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Factors Affecting Length of Inpatient Forensic Stay: Retrospective Study From Czechia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Marek","family":"P\u00e1v","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"V\u0148ukov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Sebalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/14999013.2020.1732505","article-title":"Forensic treatment services in the czech republic: current state and future challenges.","volume":"19","author":"P\u00e1v","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Forensic Ment Health [Internet]."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-12594-3_5","article-title":"Ethical aspects of long-stay forensic psychiatric care.","author":"Hettema","year":"2019","journal-title":"Long-Term Forensic Psychiatric Care: Clinical, Ethical and Legal Challenges [Internet]."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-970838","article-title":"Placement and treatment of mentally ill offenders - basic concepts and service provision in European union member states.","volume":"34","author":"Salize","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatr Prax."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1515\/icl-2012-0205","article-title":"Focus: the right to liberty and security (of Person).","volume":"6","author":"Macovei","year":"2012","journal-title":"ICL J."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-020-01909-6","article-title":"Forensic mental health in Europe: some key figures.","volume":"56","author":"Tomlin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e010188","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010188","article-title":"How has the extent of institutional mental healthcare changed in Western Europe? Analysis of data since 1990 [Internet].","volume":"6","author":"Chow","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1057\/ori.1998.2","article-title":"Forecasting the prison population.","volume":"11","author":"Grove","year":"1998","journal-title":"OR Insight [Internet]."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/14999013.2017.1405124","article-title":"Characteristics and needs of long-stay forensic psychiatric inpatients: a rapid review of the literature.","volume":"17","author":"Huband","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Forensic Ment Health."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00140","article-title":"Characteristics and pathways of long-stay patients in high and medium secure settings in England; a secondary publication from a large mixed-methods study.","volume":"9","author":"V\u00f6llm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2014.02.038","article-title":"Predictors of length of stay in forensic psychiatry: the influence of perceived risk of violence.","volume":"37","author":"Andreasson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Law Psychiatry [Internet]."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00810","article-title":"Factors influencing length of stay of forensic patients: impact of clinical and psychosocial variables in medium secure setting.","volume":"11","author":"Gosek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2012.02.011","article-title":"Predicting discharge in forensic psychiatry: the legal and psychosocial factors associated with long and short stays in forensic psychiatric hospitals.","volume":"35","author":"Ross","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Law Psychiatry [Internet]."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1080\/14789949.2011.594902","article-title":"Factors associated with length of admission at a medium secure forensic psychiatric unit.","volume":"22","author":"Shah","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Forensic Psychiatry Psychol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-13-185","article-title":"Prospective study of factors influencing conditional discharge from a forensic hospital: the DUNDRUM-3 programme completion and DUNDRUM-4 recovery structured professional judgement instruments and risk.","volume":"13","author":"Davoren","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1080\/14789949.2017.1332771","article-title":"Patient characteristics related to length of stay in Dutch forensic psychiatric care.","volume":"28","author":"Eckert","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Forensic Psychiatry Psychol [Internet]."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/14789949.2022.2027995","article-title":"Predicting discharge from long-term forensic treatment: patients characteristics, protective factors, needs and treatment-related factors study in the Czechia.","volume":"33","author":"P\u00e1v","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Forens Psychiatry Psychol [Internet]."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1017\/S0790966700007916","article-title":"Long-stay forensic psychiatric inpatients in the Republic of Ireland: Aggregated needs assessment.","volume":"20","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ir J Psychol Med [Internet]."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02612-1","article-title":"Factors and predictors of length of stay in offenders diagnosed with schizophrenia - a machine-learning-based approach.","volume":"20","author":"Kirchebner","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.12740\/PP\/99299","article-title":"External factors influencing length of stay in forensic services: a European evaluation.","volume":"53","author":"Connell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatr Pol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1080\/14789949.2016.1244278","article-title":"Comparison of HoNOS and HoNOS-secure in a forensic mental health hospital.","volume":"27","author":"Shinkfield","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Forensic Psychiatry Psychol [Internet]."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1080\/14999013.2016.1152614","article-title":"Needs assessment in forensic patients: a review of instrument suites.","volume":"15","author":"Keulen-de Vos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Forensic Ment Health [Internet]."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/14999013.2017.1286415","article-title":"Reliable and clinically significant change in outcomes for forensic mental health inpatients: use of the HoNOS-secure.","volume":"16","author":"Dickens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Forensic Ment Health [Internet]."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/14999013.2010.517256","article-title":"Tracking risk profiles and outcome in a medium secure service for women: use of the HoNOS-secure.","volume":"9","author":"Long","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Forensic Ment Health."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-011-0071-9","article-title":"Health of the nation outcome scales evaluation in a community setting population.","volume":"21","author":"Lovaglio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Qual Life Res."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.172.1.11","article-title":"Health of the nation outcome scales (HoNOS): research and development.","volume":"172","author":"Wing","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.07.033","article-title":"Dose equivalents for second generation long-acting injectable antipsychotics: The minimum effective dose method.","volume":"193","author":"Rothe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Res [Internet]."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv037","article-title":"Dose Equivalents for second-generation antipsychotic drugs: the classical mean dose method.","volume":"41","author":"Leucht","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"B28","year":"2021","journal-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"B29","first-page":"151","article-title":"Socioekonomick\u00e1 situace osob s psychotick\u00fdm onemocn\u011bn\u00edm v \u010desk\u00e9 republice.","volume":"114","author":"Winkler","year":"2018","journal-title":"\u010cesk\u00e1 a Slov Psychiatr."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1988.01800330013001","article-title":"Clozapine for the treatment-resistant schizophrenic. a double-blind comparison with chlorpromazine.","volume":"45","author":"Kane","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.113771","article-title":"Treatment resistance and prolonged length of stay among schizophrenia inpatients in forensic institutions.","volume":"298","author":"Gosek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-050316","article-title":"Mental health disorders among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional survey from three major hospitals in Kenya.","volume":"11","author":"Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1017\/s1121189x00005200","article-title":"[Predicting length of stay in Italian psychiatric forensic hospitals: a survival analysis].","volume":"10","author":"Fioritti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-015-0686-4","article-title":"Factors affecting length of stay in forensic hospital setting: need for therapeutic security and course of admission.","volume":"15","author":"Davoren","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry [Internet]."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852920001601","article-title":"Deconstructing violence in acutely exacerbating psychotic patients.","author":"Nichtov\u00e1","year":"2020","journal-title":"CNS Spectr [Internet]."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.825615\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]],"date-time":"2022-05-04T05:35:50Z","timestamp":1651642550000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.825615\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.825615"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.825615","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]]},"article-number":"825615"}}