{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T14:42:06Z","timestamp":1771684926961,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Premature biological aging, assessed by shorter telomere length (TL) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations, has been reported among people with major depressive disorders or psychotic disorders. However, these markers have never been assessed together among people who inject drugs (PWIDs), although mental disorders are highly prevalent in this population, which, in addition, is subject to other aggravating exposures. Diagnosis of mental disorders was performed by a psychiatrist using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview test among active PWIDs in Haiphong, Vietnam. mtDNA copy number (MCN), mtDNA deletion, and TL were assessed by quantitative PCR and compared to those without any mental disorder. We next performed a multivariate analysis to identify risk factors associated with being diagnosed with a major depressive episode (MDE) or a psychotic syndrome (PS). In total, 130 and 136 PWIDs with and without psychiatric conditions were analyzed. Among PWIDs with mental disorders, 110 and 74 were diagnosed with MDE and PS, respectively. TL attrition was significantly associated with hepatitis C virus-infected PWIDs with MDE or PS (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 0.53 [0.36; 0.80] and 0.59 [0.39; 0.88], respectively). TL attrition was even stronger when PWIDs cumulated at least two episodes of major depressive disorders. On the other hand, no difference was observed in mtDNA alterations between groups. The telomeric age difference with drug users without a diagnosis of psychiatric condition was estimated during 4.2\u201312.8 years according to the number of MDEs, making this group more prone to age-related diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.846844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T05:12:15Z","timestamp":1655442735000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mental Disorders Are Associated With Leukocytes Telomere Shortening Among People Who Inject Drugs"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"M\u00e9lusine","family":"Durand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Nagot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Michel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sao Mai","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huong Thi","family":"Duong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roselyne","family":"Vallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Am\u00e9lie","family":"Vizeneux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Delphine","family":"Rapoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hoang Thi","family":"Giang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Quillet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nham Thi Tuyet","family":"Thanh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khuat Thi","family":"Hai Oanh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vu Hai","family":"Vinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Feelemyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Vande Perre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khue Pham","family":"Minh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Laureillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Don","family":"Des Jarlais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Mol\u00e8s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.107793","article-title":"Depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, suicidality and self-harm among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"207","author":"Colledge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2016.01.007","article-title":"Dual diagnosis: coexisting substance use disorders and psychiatric disorders.","volume":"51","author":"Antai-Otong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nurs Clin North Am."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e3283523d66","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity in injecting drug users in Asia and Africa.","volume":"25","author":"Iskandar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2019.263","article-title":"Direction of the relationship between methamphetamine use and positive psychotic symptoms in regular methamphetamine users: evidence from a prospective cohort study.","volume":"219","author":"Hides","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.10070937","article-title":"Methamphetamine use and schizophrenia: a population-based cohort study in California.","volume":"169","author":"Callaghan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.03.023","article-title":"Relationship between the duration of methamphetamine use and psychotic symptoms: a two-year prospective cohort study.","volume":"187","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721002415","article-title":"Methamphetamine use and psychotic symptoms: findings from a New Zealand longitudinal birth cohort.","volume":"17","author":"Boden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-015-0943-5","article-title":"Quality of life in a community sample of young cocaine and\/or heroin users: the role of mental disorders.","volume":"24","author":"Chahua","year":"2015","journal-title":"Qual Life Res."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.COMPPSYCH.2019.152137","article-title":"A prospective observational study of heroin users in Johannesburg, South Africa: assessing psychiatric comorbidities and treatment outcomes.","volume":"95","author":"Morgan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2098-3","article-title":"Prediction of psychiatric comorbidity on premature death in a cohort of patients with substance use disorders: a 42-year follow-up.","volume":"19","author":"Fridell","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.05.007","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders and leukocyte telomere length: underlying mechanisms linking mental illness with cellular aging.","volume":"55","author":"Lindqvist","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2016.09.007","article-title":"Is biological aging accelerated in drug addiction?","volume":"13","author":"Bachi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Behav Sci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.2688","article-title":"Association of mental disorders with subsequent chronic physical conditions: world mental health surveys from 17 countries.","volume":"73","author":"Scott","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2009.214","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and adult risk factors for age-related disease: depression, inflammation, and clustering of metabolic risk markers.","volume":"163","author":"Danese","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2005.08.010","article-title":"A comparison of ten-year cardiac risk estimates in schizophrenia patients from the CATIE study and matched controls.","volume":"80","author":"Goff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12572","article-title":"Methamphetamine-related cardiovascular diseases.","volume":"7","author":"Schwarzbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"ESC Hear Fail."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094781","article-title":"Meta-analysis of methamphetamine modulation on amyloid precursor protein through HMGB1 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"22","author":"Alabed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.02.032","article-title":"Methamphetamine use and future risk for Parkinson\u2019s disease: evidence and clinical implications.","volume":"187","author":"Lappin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.863","article-title":"Mitochondrial aging is accelerated by anti-retroviral therapy through the clonal expansion of mtDNA mutations.","volume":"43","author":"Payne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Genet."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2019.04.004","article-title":"Accelerating research on biological aging and mental health: current challenges and future directions.","volume":"106","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2017.07.019","article-title":"Mitochondrial fusion, fission, and mitochondrial toxicity.","volume":"391","author":"Meyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicology."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.03.008","article-title":"Molecular signatures of major depression.","volume":"25","author":"Cai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Biol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.12.019","article-title":"The amount of mitochondrial DNA in blood reflects the course of a depressive episode.","volume":"80","author":"Nicod","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-017-0001-9","article-title":"Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA, but not leukocyte mitochondrial DNA copy number, is elevated in major depressive disorder.","volume":"43","author":"Lindqvist","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125855","article-title":"Mitochondria DNA change and oxidative damage in clinically stable patients with major depressive disorder.","volume":"10","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2010.11.019","article-title":"Leukocyte mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content is associated with depression in old women.","volume":"53","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2019.1588993","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA copy number, damage, repair and degradation in depressive disorder.","volume":"21","author":"Czarny","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.48","article-title":"Depression, telomeres and mitochondrial DNA: between- and within-person associations from a 10-year longitudinal study.","volume":"23","author":"Verhoeven","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22517","article-title":"Chronicity of depression and molecular markers in a large sample of Han Chinese Women.","volume":"33","author":"Edwards","year":"2016","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e31821b1f6e","article-title":"Depression and leukocyte telomere length in patients with coronary heart disease: data from the heart and soul study.","volume":"73","author":"Hoen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychosom Med."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.183","article-title":"Internalizing disorders and leukocyte telomere erosion: a prospective study of depression, generalized anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.","volume":"19","author":"Shalev","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2021.105350","article-title":"Aging biological markers in a cohort of antipsychotic-na\u00efve first-episode psychosis patients.","volume":"132","author":"Talarico","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.25468","article-title":"Decreased mitochondrial DNA copy number in the hippocampus and peripheral blood during opiate addiction is mediated by autophagy and can be salvaged by melatonin.","volume":"9","author":"Feng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autophagy."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00924-20","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and methamphetamine-mediated mitochondrial damage and neuronal degeneration in human neurons.","volume":"94","author":"Teodorof-Diedrich","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Virol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903691","article-title":"Methamphetamine causes mitrochondrial oxidative damage in human T lymphocytes leading to functional impairment.","volume":"185","author":"Potula","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020222700901","article-title":"Oxidative stress, mitochondrial DNA mutation, and impairment of antioxidant enzymes in aging.","volume":"227","author":"Wei","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01542","article-title":"Drug addiction is associated with leukocyte telomere length.","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.DRUGALCDEP.2020.108334","article-title":"Daily heroin injection and psychiatric disorders: a cross-sectional survey among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Haiphong, Vietnam.","volume":"216","author":"Le","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.02.021","article-title":"Prospects for ending the HIV epidemic among persons who inject drugs in Haiphong, Vietnam.","volume":"32","author":"Des Jarlais","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy."},{"key":"B40","first-page":"22","article-title":"The mini-international neuropsychiatric interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10.","volume":"59","author":"Sheehan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25186","article-title":"Digital PCR methods improve detection sensitivity and measurement precision of low abundance mtDNA deletions.","volume":"6","author":"Belmonte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.9.e45","article-title":"A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT\u2013PCR.","volume":"29","author":"Pfaffl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.2144\/000112761","article-title":"A quantitative real-time PCR method for absolute telomere length.","volume":"44","author":"O\u2019Callaghan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biotechniques."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2006.03.016","article-title":"Techniques in gerontology: cell lines as standards for telomere length and telomerase activity assessment.","volume":"41","author":"Fehrer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2007.00403.x","article-title":"AUDIT-C as a brief screen for alcohol misuse in primary care.","volume":"31","author":"Bradley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108639","article-title":"Telomere length is associated with HIV infection, methamphetamine use, inflammation, and comorbid disease risk.","volume":"221","author":"Mehta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18095038","article-title":"The effect of alcohol on telomere length: a systematic review of epidemiological evidence and a pilot study during pregnancy.","volume":"18","author":"Maugeri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMRA2033539","article-title":"Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic HCV infection.","volume":"384","author":"Galossi","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cancergencyto.2008.08.006","article-title":"Telomere length in Hepatitis C.","volume":"187","author":"Kitay-Cohen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Genet Cytogenet."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11030200","article-title":"Immune activation, inflammation, and non-AIDS co-morbidities in HIV-infected patients under long-term ART.","volume":"11","author":"Zicari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.15256\/joc.2014.4.42","article-title":"Multimorbidity in patients enrolled in a community-based methadone maintenance treatment programme delivered through primary care.","volume":"4","author":"Arnold-Reed","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Comorb."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41598-019-46338-X","article-title":"Telomere length in early childhood is associated with sex and ethnicity.","volume":"9","author":"Ly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12178","article-title":"Mitochondria and ageing: role in heart, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue.","volume":"8","author":"Boengler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.190.2.157","article-title":"Telomere fluorescence measurements in granulocytes and T lymphocyte subsets point to a high turnover of hematopoietic stem cells and memory T cells in early childhood.","volume":"190","author":"Rufer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2018.05.011","article-title":"Telomere length and frailty: the Helsinki birth cohort study.","volume":"19","author":"Haapanen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02079.x","article-title":"Replicative aging, telomeres, and oxidative stress.","volume":"959","author":"Saretzki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s40473-020-00207-4","article-title":"Inflammatory pathways in psychiatric disorders: the case of schizophrenia and depression.","volume":"7","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Behav Neurosci Rep."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13712","article-title":"Inflammation in psychiatric disorders: what comes first?","volume":"1437","author":"Bauer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.02.004","article-title":"Telomere shortening and mood disorders: preliminary support for a chronic stress model of accelerated aging.","volume":"60","author":"Simon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.151","article-title":"Major depressive disorder and accelerated cellular aging: results from a large psychiatric cohort study.","volume":"19","author":"Verhoeven","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-00844-z","article-title":"Telomere attrition and inflammatory load in severe psychiatric disorders and in response to psychotropic medications.","volume":"45","author":"Squassina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2255","article-title":"Telomere shortening in late-life depression: a potential marker of depression severity.","volume":"11","author":"Mendes-Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PSCYCHRESNS.2015.01.007","article-title":"PBMC telomerase activity, but not leukocyte telomere length, correlates with hippocampal volume in major depression.","volume":"232","author":"Wolkowitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2017.02.008","article-title":"Shorter leukocyte telomere length in patients at ultra high risk for psychosis.","volume":"27","author":"Maurya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.07.015","article-title":"Shorter telomere length in schizophrenia: evidence from a real-world population and meta-analysis of most recent literature.","volume":"202","author":"Russo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.06.043","article-title":"Longer telomere length in patients with schizophrenia.","volume":"149","author":"Nieratschker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.10.015","article-title":"Leukocyte telomere length: effects of schizophrenia, age, and gender.","volume":"85","author":"Wolkowitz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.01.022","article-title":"Psychometric liability to psychosis and childhood adversities are associated with shorter telomere length: a study on schizophrenia patients, unaffected siblings, and non-clinical controls.","volume":"111","author":"\u00c7evik","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.04.010","article-title":"Accelerated leukocyte telomere erosion in schizophrenia: evidence from the present study and a meta-analysis.","volume":"79","author":"Rao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000356","article-title":"The association between psychiatric disorders and telomere length: a meta-analysis involving 14,827 Persons.","volume":"78","author":"Darrow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychosom Med."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v40.1.01","article-title":"Alcohol use disorder and depressive disorders.","volume":"40","author":"Kathryn Mchugh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alcohol Res Curr Rev."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v40.1.06","article-title":"Alcohol use disorder and schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.","volume":"40","author":"Archibald","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alcohol Res Curr Rev."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmra2033539","article-title":"Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic HCV infection.","volume":"384","author":"Cacoub","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32008","article-title":"Immune activation induces telomeric DNA damage and promotes short-lived effector T cell differentiation in chronic HCV infection.","volume":"74","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19831","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms141019831","article-title":"Cytokines, chaperones and neuroinflammatory responses in heroin-related death: what can we learn from different patterns of cellular expression?","volume":"14","author":"Neri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2013.36","article-title":"Heroin abuse accelerates biological aging: a novel insight from telomerase and brain imaging interaction.","volume":"3","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-008-9121-7","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress, metabolic compromise, and inflammation in neuronal injury produced by amphetamine-related drugs of abuse.","volume":"3","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.21625","article-title":"Maintenance of mitochondrial DNA copy number and expression are essential for preservation of mitochondrial function and cell growth.","volume":"103","author":"Jeng","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.06.001","article-title":"The relationship between circulating mitochondrial DNA and inflammatory cytokines in patients with major depression.","volume":"233","author":"Kageyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18553","article-title":"Association of telomere length and mitochondrial DNA copy number with risperidone treatment response in first-episode antipsychotic-na\u00efve schizophrenia.","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.102193","article-title":"Leukocyte mitochondrial DNA copy number in schizophrenia.","volume":"53","author":"Shivakumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.03.070","article-title":"Increased blood lactate levels during exercise and mitochondrial DNA alterations converge on mitochondrial dysfunction in schizophrenia.","volume":"220","author":"Valiente-Pallej\u00e0","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.12.025","article-title":"Alterations of mitochondrial DNA copy number and telomere length with early adversity and psychopathology.","volume":"79","author":"Tyrka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001093","article-title":"Premature aging and immune senescence in HIV-infected children.","volume":"30","author":"Gianesin","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230772","article-title":"Correlation between blood telomere length and CD4+ CD8+ T-cell subsets changes 96 weeks after initiation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-positive individuals.","volume":"15","author":"Chalouni","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.846844\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T05:12:25Z","timestamp":1655442745000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.846844\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]]},"references-count":85,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.846844"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.846844","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]]},"article-number":"846844"}}