{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:11:04Z","timestamp":1792113064791,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]],"date-time":"2022-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epigenetic research in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is essential, given that environmental stressors and fear play such a crucial role in its development. As such, it may provide a framework for understanding individual differences in the prevalence of the disorder and in treatment response. This paper reviews the epigenetic markers associated with PTSD and its treatment, including candidate genes and epigenome-wide studies. Because the etiopathogenesis of PTSD rests heavily on learning and memory, we also draw upon animal neuroepigenetic research on the acquisition, update and erasure of fear memory, focusing on the mechanisms associated with memory reconsolidation. Reconsolidation blockade (or impairment) treatment in PTSD has been studied in clinical trials and, from a neurological perspective, may hold promise for identifying epigenetic markers of successful therapy. We conclude this paper by discussing several key considerations and challenges in epigenetic research on PTSD in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.857087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]],"date-time":"2022-11-07T04:27:26Z","timestamp":1667795246000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["A narrative review of the epigenetics of post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder treatment"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Cao-Lei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Saumier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justine","family":"Fortin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Brunet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291715001981","article-title":"The epidemiology of traumatic event exposure worldwide: results from the World Mental Health Survey Consortium.","volume":"46","author":"Benjet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2017.1351204","article-title":"Sex and gender differences in post-traumatic stress disorder: an update.","author":"Olff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-010-0126-6","article-title":"Genetics of post-traumatic stress disorder: review and recommendations for genome-wide association studies.","volume":"12","author":"Cornelis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.30169","article-title":"Genetics of post-traumatic stress disorder: informing clinical conceptualizations and promoting future research.","author":"Nugent","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.11.010","article-title":"Genomic updates in understanding PTSD.","volume":"90","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyaa018","article-title":"Reviewing the potential of psychedelics for the treatment of PTSD.","volume":"23","author":"Krediet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-020-10085-5","article-title":"Predictors of treatment outcome in group or individual cognitive processing therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder among active duty military.","volume":"44","author":"Resick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cogn Ther Res."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.02.006","article-title":"Epigenetics: a landscape takes shape.","volume":"128","author":"Goldberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.2010.54","article-title":"Epigenetics and gene expression.","volume":"105","author":"Gibney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Heredity (Edinb)."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)57261-6","article-title":"The quantitative separation of purines, pyrimidines, and nucleosides by paper chromatography.","volume":"175","author":"Hotchkiss","year":"1948","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.112","article-title":"DNA methylation and its basic function.","volume":"38","author":"Moore","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1038\/30764","article-title":"Transcriptional repression by the methyl-CpG-binding protein MeCP2 involves a histone deacetylase complex.","volume":"393","author":"Nan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-016-0225-2","article-title":"Histone acetyltransferases: challenges in targeting bi-substrate enzymes.","volume":"8","author":"Wapenaar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2001-2-4-reviews0003","article-title":"A tale of histone modifications.","volume":"2","author":"Grant","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3286","article-title":"How do environments talk to genes?","volume":"16","author":"Szyf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.106971","article-title":"Influence of environmental exposure on human epigenetic regulation.","author":"Marsit","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Exp Biol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040617-014629","article-title":"Environmental influences on the epigenome: exposure- associated DNA methylation in human populations.","volume":"39","author":"Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2018.04.001","article-title":"Neuroepigenetics of post-traumatic stress disorder.","volume":"158","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2019.21.4\/kressler","article-title":"A review of epigenetic contributions to post-traumatic stress disorder?.","volume":"21","author":"Howie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-018-0898-7","article-title":"Recent genetics and epigenetics approaches to PTSD.","volume":"20","author":"Daskalakis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2019.00113","article-title":"Stress across generations: DNA methylation as a potential mechanism underlying intergenerational effects of stress in both post-traumatic stress disorder and pre-clinical predator stress rodent models.","volume":"13","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2014.3","article-title":"Epigenetic modulation of glucocorticoid receptors in posttraumatic stress disorder.","volume":"4","author":"Labont\u00e9","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.02.006","article-title":"Lower methylation of glucocorticoid receptor gene promoter 1F in peripheral blood of veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder.","volume":"77","author":"Yehuda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.11.1291","article-title":"Association of FKBP5 polymorphisms and childhood abuse with risk of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in adults.","volume":"299","author":"Binder","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3275","article-title":"Allele-specific FKBP5 DNA demethylation mediates gene-childhood trauma interactions.","volume":"16","author":"Klengel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039184","article-title":"Molecular variation at the SLC6A3 locus predicts lifetime risk of PTSD in the Detroit Neighborhood Health Study.","volume":"7","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.11.028","article-title":"Lasting epigenetic influence of early-life adversity on the BDNF gene.","volume":"65","author":"Roth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.02.007","article-title":"Psychosocial animal model of PTSD produces a long-lasting traumatic memory, an increase in general anxiety and PTSD-like glucocorticoid abnormalities.","volume":"37","author":"Zoladz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.06.003","article-title":"Predator-based psychosocial stress animal model of PTSD: Preclinical assessment of traumatic stress at cognitive, hormonal, pharmacological, cardiovascular and epigenetic levels of analysis.","author":"Zoladz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Neurol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.10.010","article-title":"The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in PTSD: Pathophysiology and treatment interventions.","volume":"89","author":"Dunlop","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12034","article-title":"Relation between corticosterone and fear-related behavior in mice selectively bred for high or low alcohol preference.","volume":"19","author":"Chester","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addict Biol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kjms.2016.04.011","article-title":"Glucocorticoid levels after exposure to predator odor and chronic psychosocial stress with dexamethasone application in rats.","volume":"32","author":"Starcevic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J Med Sci."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.024877","article-title":"Cortisol and post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"191","author":"Meewisse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198603000-00003","article-title":"Urinary free-cortisol levels in posttraumatic stress disorder patients.","volume":"174","author":"Mason","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199006000-00004","article-title":"Low urinary cortisol excretion in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder.","volume":"178","author":"Yehuda","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1910-9","article-title":"Salivary cortisol in post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"18","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21798","article-title":"Salivary cortisol lower in posttraumatic stress disorder.","volume":"26","author":"Wahbeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04979.x","article-title":"Status of glucocorticoid alterations in post-traumatic stress disorder.","volume":"1179","author":"Yehuda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.03.009","article-title":"Gene \u00d7 environment vulnerability factors for PTSD: the HPA-axis.","volume":"62","author":"Mehta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01293-y","article-title":"Prenatally traumatized mice reveal hippocampal methylation and expression changes of the stress-related genes Crhr1 and Fkbp5.","volume":"11","author":"Plank","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0272-5","article-title":"Animal models of PTSD: a challenge to be met.","volume":"24","author":"Richter-Levin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.06.006","article-title":"Animal models in translational studies of PTSD.","volume":"38","author":"Daskalakis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.03.044","article-title":"Epigenetic pathways in human disease: The impact of DNA methylation on stress-related pathogenesis and current challenges in biomarker development.","volume":"18","author":"Argentieri","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.08.017","article-title":"Glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) DNA methylation in association with trauma, psychopathology, transcript expression, or genotypic variation: A systematic review.","volume":"95","author":"Watkeys","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.05.016","article-title":"Glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) methylation processes as mediators of early adversity in stress-related disorders causality: A critical review.","volume":"55","author":"Palma-Gudiel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.05.016","article-title":"Prenatal stress and epigenetics.","volume":"117","author":"Cao-Lei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes10020140","article-title":"A Review of epigenetics of PTSD in comorbid psychiatric conditions.","volume":"10","author":"Blacker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9470","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0910794107","article-title":"Epigenetic and immune function profiles associated with posttraumatic stress disorder.","volume":"107","author":"Uddin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.31212","article-title":"Differential immune system DNA methylation and cytokine regulation in post-traumatic stress disorder.","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.045","article-title":"Expression and methylation in posttraumatic stress disorder and resilience; evidence of a role for odorant receptors.","volume":"245","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.2217\/epi-2018-0049","article-title":"Epigenetic meta-analysis across three civilian cohorts identifies NRG1 and HGS as blood-based biomarkers for post-traumatic stress disorder.","volume":"10","author":"Uddin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epigenomics."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.130","article-title":"An epigenome-wide DNA methylation study of PTSD and depression in world trade center responders.","volume":"7","author":"Kuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12778","article-title":"Genomewide DNA methylation analysis in combat veterans reveals a novel locus for PTSD.","volume":"136","author":"Mehta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.120","article-title":"Longitudinal analyses of the DNA methylome in deployed military servicemen identify susceptibility loci for post-traumatic stress disorder.","volume":"23","author":"Rutten","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2013.00118","article-title":"Epigenetic biomarkers as predictors and correlates of symptom improvement following psychotherapy in combat veterans with PTSD.","volume":"4","author":"Yehuda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1177\/0890117116661154","article-title":"Epigenetic effects of PTSD remediation in veterans using clinical emotional freedom techniques: a randomized controlled pilot study.","volume":"32","author":"Church","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Health Promot."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare6040146","article-title":"Clinical EFT as an evidence-based practice for the treatment of psychological and physiological conditions.","volume":"4","author":"Church","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychology."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00418","article-title":"Methylation of FKBP5 and SLC6A4 in relation to treatment response to mindfulness based stress reduction for posttraumatic stress disorder.","volume":"9","author":"Bishop","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.266","article-title":"The genetics of stress-related disorders: PTSD, depression, and anxiety disorders.","volume":"41","author":"Smoller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.04.003","article-title":"Epigenetics of posttraumatic stress disorder: current evidence, challenges, and future directions.","volume":"78","author":"Zannas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1017\/S146114571400039X","article-title":"Serotonin transporter gene hypomethylation predicts impaired antidepressant treatment response.","volume":"17","author":"Domschke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2008.116","article-title":"Review and meta-analysis of antidepressant pharmacogenetic findings in major depressive disorder.","volume":"15","author":"Kato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0549-3","article-title":"Successful treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder reverses DNA methylation marks.","volume":"26","author":"Vinkers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98067-9","article-title":"DNA methylation changes following narrative exposure therapy in a randomized controlled trial with female former child soldiers.","volume":"11","author":"Carleial","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113608","article-title":"DNA methylation and psychotherapy response in trauma-exposed men with appetitive aggression.","volume":"295","author":"Xulu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-15-240","article-title":"Evaluation of a corticotropin releasing hormone type 1 receptor antagonist in women with posttraumatic stress disorder: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"15","author":"Dunlop","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trials."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.06.024","article-title":"Corticotropin-Releasing factor receptor 1 antagonism is ineffective for women with posttraumatic stress disorder.","volume":"82","author":"Dunlop","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-018-0569-x","article-title":"DNA methylation levels are associated with CRF(1) receptor antagonist treatment outcome in women with post-traumatic stress disorder.","volume":"10","author":"Pape","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01513-5","article-title":"Longitudinal genome-wide methylation study of PTSD treatment using prolonged exposure and hydrocortisone.","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.02.001.2010","article-title":"A simple role for BDNF in learning and memory?","volume":"3","author":"Cunha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.06.017","article-title":"Abnormal fear memory as a model for posttraumatic stress disorder.","volume":"78","author":"Desmedt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2011.06.007","article-title":"Fear conditioning, synaptic plasticity and the amygdala: implications for posttraumatic stress disorder.","volume":"35","author":"Mahan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.05.016","article-title":"Generalization of contextual fear depends on associative rather than non-associative memory components.","volume":"233","author":"Sauerh\u00f6fer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5451.248","article-title":"Memory\u2013a century of consolidation.","volume":"287","author":"McGaugh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1736633","article-title":"Epigenetic approach to PTSD: In the aspects of rat models.","volume":"9","author":"Aykac","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob Med Genet."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/35036213","article-title":"A cortical-hippocampal system for declarative memory.","volume":"1","author":"Eichenbaum","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1038\/35021052","article-title":"Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdala for reconsolidation after retrieval.","volume":"406","author":"Nader","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2007.05.006","article-title":"Effect of post-retrieval propranolol on psychophysiologic responding during subsequent script-driven traumatic imagery in post-traumatic stress disorder.","volume":"42","author":"Brunet","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.17050481","article-title":"Reduction of PTSD symptoms with pre-reactivation propranolol therapy: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"175","author":"Brunet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3302","article-title":"Epigenetics and persistent memory: implications for reconsolidation and silent extinction beyond the zero.","volume":"16","author":"Lattal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2014.08.005","article-title":"Epigenetic mechanisms in fear conditioning: implications for treating post-traumatic stress disorder.","volume":"37","author":"Kwapis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2014.08.002","article-title":"Epigenetic mechanisms of memory formation and reconsolidation.","volume":"115","author":"Jarome","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1364.007","article-title":"Amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, and hippocampal function in PTSD.","volume":"1071","author":"Shin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.205","article-title":"Amygdala, hippocampus, and ventral medial prefrontal cortex volumes differ in maltreated youth with and without chronic posttraumatic stress disorder.","volume":"41","author":"Morey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15121-2","article-title":"Encoding of contextual fear memory in hippocampal-amygdala circuit.","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23684","article-title":"Dysfunctional or hyperfunctional? The amygdala in posttraumatic stress disorder is the bull in the evolutionary China shop.","volume":"94","author":"Diamond","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3109\/10253890902853123","article-title":"Activation of a remote (1-year old) emotional memory interferes with the retrieval of a newly formed hippocampus-dependent memory in rats.","volume":"13","author":"Zoladz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stress."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.06.046","article-title":"Memory reconsolidation.","volume":"23","author":"Alberini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Biol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2013.09.007","article-title":"The MAP(K) of fear: from memory consolidation to memory extinction.","volume":"105","author":"Cestari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.029157.112","article-title":"p300\/CBP histone acetyltransferase activity is required for newly acquired and reactivated fear memories in the lateral amygdala.","volume":"20","author":"Maddox","year":"2013","journal-title":"Learn Mem."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054463","article-title":"A naturally-occurring histone acetyltransferase inhibitor derived from Garcinia indica impairs newly acquired and reactivated fear memories.","volume":"8","author":"Maddox","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.2243411","article-title":"Epigenetic alterations in the lateral amygdala are required for reconsolidation of a Pavlovian fear memory.","volume":"18","author":"Maddox","year":"2011","journal-title":"Learn Mem."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.07.039","article-title":"The IkappaB kinase regulates chromatin structure during reconsolidation of conditioned fear memories.","volume":"55","author":"Lubin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.801108","article-title":"The histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid enhances acquisition, extinction, and reconsolidation of conditioned fear.","volume":"15","author":"Bredy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Learn Mem."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.121.5.1125","article-title":"Systemic or intrahippocampal delivery of histone deacetylase inhibitors facilitates fear extinction.","volume":"121","author":"Lattal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav Neurosci."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.012","article-title":"Increasing histone acetylation in the hippocampus-infralimbic network enhances fear extinction.","volume":"72","author":"Stafford","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.500907","article-title":"Histone modifications around individual BDNF gene promoters in prefrontal cortex are associated with extinction of conditioned fear.","volume":"14","author":"Bredy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Learn Mem."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2004.08.018","article-title":"Disruption of reconsolidation but not consolidation of auditory fear conditioning by noradrenergic blockade in the amygdala.","volume":"129","author":"Debiec","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroscience."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.120111","article-title":"Propranolol\u2019s effects on the consolidation and reconsolidation of long-term emotional memory in healthy participants: a meta-analysis.","volume":"38","author":"Lonergan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"B101","author":"Young","year":"2020","journal-title":"Propranolol for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Review of Clinical Effectiveness."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2015.10.004","article-title":"Emotional face processing in post-traumatic stress disorder after reconsolidation impairment using propranolol: A pilot fMRI study.","volume":"36","author":"Mahabir","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.028","article-title":"Neural signature of reconsolidation impairments by propranolol in humans.","volume":"71","author":"Schwabe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B104","first-page":"33","article-title":"Interfering with the reconsolidation of traumatic memory: sirolimus as a novel agent for treating veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder.","volume":"25","author":"Sur\u00eds","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199550030-00008","article-title":"Propofol. An update of its use in anaesthesia and conscious sedation.","volume":"50","author":"Bryson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Drugs."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aav3801","article-title":"Propofol-induced deep sedation reduces emotional episodic memory reconsolidation in humans.","volume":"5","author":"Vallejo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Adv."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2017.1410520","article-title":"Epigenetic biomarkers: Current strategies and future challenges for their use in the clinical laboratory.","volume":"54","author":"Garc\u00eda-Gim\u00e9nez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00286","article-title":"Methodological challenges in developmental human behavioral epigenetics: insights into study design.","volume":"12","author":"Provenzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12227","article-title":"The role of epigenetics for understanding mental health difficulties and its implications for psychotherapy research.","volume":"92","author":"Kumsta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol Psychother."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v5.23797","article-title":"Biomarkers of PTSD: military applications and considerations.","volume":"14","author":"Lehrner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4781(84)90043-5","article-title":"DNA methylation patterns. Formation and function.","volume":"782","author":"Razin","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046705","article-title":"Heterogeneity in white blood cells has potential to confound DNA methylation measurements.","volume":"7","author":"Adalsteinsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-022-01253-3","article-title":"Cell-type heterogeneity: Why we should adjust for it in epigenome and biomarker studies.","volume":"14","author":"Qi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2016.1214782","article-title":"Cell type specific DNA methylation in cord blood: A 450K-reference data set and cell count-based validation of estimated cell type composition.","volume":"11","author":"Gervin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epigenetics."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-13-86","article-title":"DNA methylation arrays as surrogate measures of cell mixture distribution.","volume":"13","author":"Houseman","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17253","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1121249109","article-title":"Factors underlying variable DNA methylation in a human community cohort.","author":"Lam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2020.1785994","article-title":"Genetic predictors of hippocampal subfield volume in PTSD cases and trauma-exposed controls.","volume":"11","author":"Morey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124503","article-title":"Genetic and neuroimaging approaches to understanding post-traumatic stress disorder.","volume":"21","author":"Nisar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.17.4.503","article-title":"Postmortem locus coeruleus neuron count in three American veterans with probable or possible war-related PTSD.","volume":"17","author":"Bracha","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002282","article-title":"Decreased SGK1 expression and function contributes to behavioral deficits induced by traumatic stress.","volume":"13","author":"Licznerski","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.4.223","article-title":"Dysregulated mitochondrial genes and networks with drug targets in postmortem brain of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) revealed by human mitochondria-focused cDNA microarrays.","volume":"4","author":"Su","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2015.07.002","article-title":"BA11 FKBP5 expression levels correlate with dendritic spine density in postmortem PTSD and controls.","volume":"2","author":"Young","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol Stress."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.029520.112","article-title":"Activation of BDNF signaling prevents the return of fear in female mice.","volume":"20","author":"Baker-Andresen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Learn Mem."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-020-02224-6","article-title":"Maternal separation-induced histone acetylation correlates with BDNF-Programmed synaptic changes in an animal model of PTSD with sex differences.","volume":"58","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.7.626","article-title":"Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: the 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma.","volume":"55","author":"Breslau","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.2.183","article-title":"Gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder.","volume":"133","author":"Olff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol Bull."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22167","article-title":"Sex differences in DNA methylation may contribute to risk of PTSD and depression: a review of existing evidence.","volume":"30","author":"Uddin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-020-1140-y","article-title":"Gender- and sex-based contributors to sex differences in PTSD.","volume":"22","author":"Christiansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.250","article-title":"Estrogen-dependent association of HDAC4 with fear in female mice and women with PTSD.","volume":"23","author":"Maddox","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.02.058","article-title":"Genetic approaches for the study of PTSD: Advances and challenges.","volume":"649","author":"Banerjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-019-1190-6","article-title":"Intervention components, mediators, and mechanisms of change of Internet- and mobile-based interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"8","author":"Steubl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Syst Rev."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.857087\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]],"date-time":"2022-11-07T04:27:39Z","timestamp":1667795259000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.857087\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]]},"references-count":131,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.857087"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.857087","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]]},"article-number":"857087"}}