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Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abnormal function of the thalamo-cortical relay is considered a hallmark of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and aberrant network interactions may underpin many of the clinical and cognitive symptoms that characterize the disorder. Several statistical approaches have been applied to <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> fMRI data to support the general loss of thalamo-cortical connectivity in OCD. However, (a) few studies have assessed the contextual constraints under which abnormal network interactions arise or (b) have used methods of <jats:italic>effective<\/jats:italic> connectivity to understand abnormal network interactions. Effective connectivity is a particularly valuable method as it describes the putative <jats:italic>causal<\/jats:italic> influences that brain regions exert over each other, as opposed to the largely statistical consistencies captured in functional connectivity techniques. Here, using dynamic causal modeling (DCM), we evaluated how <jats:italic>attention demand<\/jats:italic> induced inter-group differences (HC \u2260 OCD) in effective connectivity within a motivated thalamo-cortical network. Of interest was whether these effects were observed on the <jats:italic>ascending<\/jats:italic> thalamo-cortical relay, essential for the sensory innervation of the cortex. fMRI time series data from sixty-two participants (OCD, 30; HC, 32) collected using an established sustained attention task were submitted to a space of 162 competing models. Across the space, models distinguished between competing hypotheses of thalamo-cortical interactions. Bayesian model selection (BMS) identified marginally differing likely generative model architectures in OCD and HC groups. Bayesian model averaging (BMA), was used to weight connectivity parameter estimates across <jats:italic>all models<\/jats:italic>, with each parameter weighted by each model\u2019s posterior probability, thus providing more stable estimates of effective connectivity. Inferential statistical analyses of estimated parameters revealed two principal results: (1) Significantly reduced <jats:italic>intrinsic<\/jats:italic> connectivity of the V1 \u2192 SPC pathway in OCD, suggested connective weakness in the early constituents of the dorsal visual pathway; (2) More pertinent with the discovery possibilities afforded by DCM, sustained attention in OCD patients induced significantly reduced <jats:italic>contextual<\/jats:italic> modulation of the ascending relay from the thalamus to the prefrontal cortex. These results form an important complement to our understanding of the contextual bases of thalamo-cortical network deficits in OCD, emphasizing vulnerability of the ascending relay.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.869106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T06:54:46Z","timestamp":1660114486000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Sustained attention induces altered effective connectivity of the ascending thalamo-cortical relay in obsessive-compulsive disorder"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mario 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