{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:26:25Z","timestamp":1753892785600,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has created academic problems for Peruvian medical students leading to anxiety and depression. Hence, validated scales, such as the Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemics-6 items (SAVE-6), are required to identify and propose interventions to improve mental health. We aimed to perform a psychometric validation of the Peruvian version of SAVE-6 on medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic in Lima, Peru, in 2022.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 260 medical students at National University of San Marcos (UNMSM) participated in an online survey in January 2022. We collected sociodemographic characteristics and classified psychiatric symptoms using SAVE-6, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 items (GAD-7) scale, and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 items (PHQ-9). We performed confirmatory and parallel factor analysis to examine the validity of the Peruvian Spanish version of SAVE-6.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We explored the reliability and validity of SAVE-6 and SAVE-6 after excluding item 5, since factor loading of item 5 is too low. Both scales showed good internal consistencies (Cronbach's \u03b1 = 0.780 and.82 and McDonald's \u03a9 = 0.792 and.829, respectively). Furthermore, SAVE-6 after excluding item 5 showed good convergent validity with GAD-7 (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>= 0.224,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;.001) and PHQ-9 (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>= 0.217,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;.001). Consequently, instead of the full SAVE-6, SAVE-6 excluding item 5 proved to be reliable and valid enough to assess the anxiety of Peruvian medical students during the pandemic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Peruvian Spanish SAVE-6 scale excluding item 5, rather than the full SAVE-6, can be applied to measure viral anxiety of medical students in Peru with good validity and reliability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.876379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T04:58:30Z","timestamp":1653973110000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Validation of the Peruvian Spanish Version of the Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemics-6 Scale to Measure Viral Anxiety of Medical Students During COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Lapeyre-Rivera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nair","family":"Javier-Murillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Perea-Fl\u00f3rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Gamonal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Vel\u00e1squez-Rimachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Alva-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oli","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seockhoon","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard"},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"Mortality in the Most Affected Countries"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e669119","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.669119","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of college students: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720001555","article-title":"Psychological distress among health professional students during the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112934","article-title":"The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China","volume":"287","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.25176\/RFMH.v21i2.3654","article-title":"Anxiety, depression, somatization and experiential avoidance indicators in peruvian university students in quarantine by COVID-19","volume":"21","author":"H\u00e9ctor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Fac Med Hum"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.25176\/RFMH.v20i4.3198","article-title":"Anxiety level of first-year medical students in a private university in peru during COVID-19","volume":"20","author":"Saravia-Bartra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Fac Med Hum"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7001","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17197001","article-title":"The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress and their associated factors in college students","volume":"17","author":"Ramon-Arbues","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e634585","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.634585","article-title":"Anxiety and its associated factors during the initial phase of the covid-19 pandemic in indonesia","volume":"12","author":"Anindyajati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e824","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00824","article-title":"Evaluating the Psychological impacts related to COVID-19 of vietnamese people under the first nationwide partial lockdown in vietnam","volume":"11","author":"Le","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112921","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: gender differences matter","volume":"287","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21279","DOI":"10.2196\/21279","article-title":"Effects of COVID-19 on College Students' Mental Health in the United States: interview survey study","volume":"22","author":"Son","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22817","DOI":"10.2196\/22817","article-title":"Investigating mental health of US college students during the COVID-19 pandemic: cross-sectional survey study","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S273333","article-title":"Increased levels of anxiety among medical and non-medical university students during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"13","author":"Saddik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2004.tb06322.x","article-title":"Understanding the stresses and strains of being a doctor","volume":"181","author":"Riley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"B16","first-page":"38","article-title":"Medical student mental health services: psychiatrists treating medical students","volume":"6","author":"Gentile","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1972762","DOI":"10.1080\/10872981.2021.1972762","article-title":"Ziring D. Toward a medical school curriculum for uncertainty in clinical practice","volume":"26","author":"Papanagnou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Educ Online."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-020-01195-0","article-title":"COVID-19 anxiety scale (CAS): development and psychometric properties","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00270-8","article-title":"The fear of COVID-19 scale: development and initial validation","author":"Ahorsu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addict"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1080\/07481187.2020.1748481","article-title":"Coronavirus anxiety scale: a brief mental health screener for COVID-19 related anxiety","volume":"44","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Death Stud"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e669606","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.669606","article-title":"The stress and anxiety to viral epidemics-6 bibitems (SAVE-6) scale: a new instrument for assessing the anxiety response of general population to the viral epidemic during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Chung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2023.10.002","article-title":"Validation study of the Korean version of the COVID-19 anxiety scale and psychometric comparison of different rating scales","author":"Park","year":""},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e319","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2021.36.e319","article-title":"Development of the stress and anxiety to viral epidemics-9 (SAVE-9) scale for assessing work-related stress and anxiety in healthcare workers in response to viral epidemics","volume":"36","author":"Chung","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e168","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2021.36.e168","article-title":"Factorial validity of the arabic version of the stress and anxiety to viral epidemics-6 bibitems (SAVE-6) scale among the general population in lebanon","volume":"36","author":"Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e804162","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.804162","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the bangla version of the stress and anxiety to viral epidemics-6 bibitems scale among the general population in Bangladesh","volume":"13","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e746244","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.746244","article-title":"The psychometric properties of the stress and anxiety to viral epidemics-6 bibitems: a test in the US General Population","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e701543","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.701543","article-title":"Application of stress and anxiety to viral epidemics-6 Items (SAVE-6) to public workers for measuring their anxiety response during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e604441","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.604441","article-title":"Application of the stress and anxiety to viral epidemics-6 (SAVE-6) and coronavirus anxiety scale (CAS) to measure anxiety in cancer patient in response to COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Ahn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e705805","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.705805","article-title":"Stress and anxiety to viral epidemics-6 for medical students: psychometric properties of the anxiety measure for the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Ahn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e796225","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.796225","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the stress and anxiety to viral epidemics-6 (SAVE-6) scale to measure viral anxiety of healthcare workers in spain during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Moraleda-Cibrian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.4321\/s1137-66272011000100007","article-title":"How is an instrument for measuring health to be validated?","volume":"34","author":"Carvajal","year":"2011","journal-title":"An Sist Sanit Navar."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.6.3.e34","article-title":"Improving the quality of web surveys: the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES)","volume":"6","author":"Eysenbach","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.17241\/smr.2021.01025","article-title":"Utility of the stress and anxiety to viral epidemic-3 bibitems as a tool for assessing work-related stress, and relationship with insomnia and burnout of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Son","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med Res"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-8-8","article-title":"Cultural adaptation into Spanish of the generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale as a screening tool","volume":"8","author":"Garcia-Campayo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.20453\/rnp.v83i2.3749","article-title":"Propiedades psicom\u00e9tricas del Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) en estudiantes de medicina en Lima, Per\u00fa","volume":"83","author":"Huarcaya-Victoria","year":"2020","journal-title":"Revista de Neuro-Psiquiatria."},{"volume-title":"Essentials of Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 8th edn.","year":"2014","author":"Gravetter","key":"B38"},{"volume-title":"Structural Equation Modeling With AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming 2nd ed.","year":"2010","author":"Byrne","key":"B39"},{"volume-title":"Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research","year":"2006","author":"Brown","key":"B40"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.24869\/psyd.2020.549","article-title":"Mosolov S. Stress and anxiety among healthcare workers associated with COVID-19 pandemic in Russia","volume":"32","author":"Mosolova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatr Danub."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18179377","article-title":"The German translation of the stress and anxiety to viral epidemics-9 (SAVE-9) scale: results from healthcare workers during the second wave of COVID-19","volume":"18","author":"Konig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.06.035","article-title":"Validation of the Japanese version of Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemics-9 (SAVE-9) and relationship among stress, insomnia, anxiety, and depression in healthcare workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"84","author":"Okajima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.22680","article-title":"The validity and reliability of the stress and anxiety to viral epidemics-9 bibitems Scale in Turkish health care professionals","volume":"50","author":"Uzun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Community Psychol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.876379\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T12:01:56Z","timestamp":1700654516000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.876379\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.876379"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.876379","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1664-0640"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"article-number":"876379"}}