{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T10:55:18Z","timestamp":1774522518463,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hypomanic symptoms between bipolar-I disorder (BD-I) and bipolar-II disorder (BD-II) are often indistinguishable in clinical practice. This study compared the network structure of hypomanic symptoms between patients with BD-I and BD-II.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The 32-item Hypomania Checklist (HCL-32) was used to assess hypomanic symptoms. Network model was generated in BD-I and BD-II patients. Centrality index of strength was used to quantify the importance of each symptom in the network. The Network Comparison Test (NCT) was used to assess the differences in hypomanic symptoms between BD-I and BD-II patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Altogether, 423 patients with BD (BD-I: 191 and BD-II: 232) were included. The most central symptom was HCL17 \u201cI am more flirtatious and\/or am more sexually active\u201d (strength <jats:sub><jats:italic>BD<\/jats:italic>\u2013<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> = 5.21) and HCL12 \u201cI have more ideas, I am more creative\u201d (strength <jats:sub><jats:italic>BD<\/jats:italic>\u2013<jats:italic>II<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> = 6.84) in BD-I and BD-II samples, respectively. The results of NCT showed that four nodes (HCL12 \u201cI have more ideas, I am more creative,\u201d HCL17 \u201cI am more flirtatious and\/or am more sexually active,\u201d HCL23 \u201cMy thoughts jump from topic to topic,\u201d and HCL31 \u201cI drink more alcohol\u201d) were significantly different between the BD-I and BD-II samples. Two edges (HCL3 \u201cI am more self-confident\u201d\u2013HCL17 \u201cI am more flirtatious and\/or am more sexually active,\u201d and HCL10 \u201cI am physically more active (sport, etc.)\u201d\u2013HCL24 \u201cI do things more quickly and\/or more easily\u201d) were significantly stronger in BD-I compared to BD-II patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The network structure of hypomanic symptoms is different between BD-I and BD-II patients. Interventions targeting the respective central symptoms and edges should be developed for BD-I and BD-II separately.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.881414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T05:59:54Z","timestamp":1652335194000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparison of Hypomanic Symptoms Between Bipolar I and Bipolar II Disorders: A Network 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