{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T15:37:56Z","timestamp":1784043476523,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Electroencephalography (EEG) represents a powerful tool to detect abnormal neural dynamics in child and adolescent psychiatry. Feeding and Eating Disorders (FEDs), such as anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED), and avoidant restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) onset in childhood and adolescence. EEG has rarely been used to examine cortical brain activity in children and adolescents with FEDs. This review aims to summarize EEG findings in FEDs amongst children and adolescents, and to highlight areas deserving further research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We searched the literature for EEG studies on children and adolescents with FEDs using Google Scholar, PsycINFO, Medline, and PubMed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twelve studies were identified, the majority focusing on AN (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 10). The identified studies suggest reduced action monitoring control (preparatory waves, N200, P300), specific perceptual-cognitive styles to body\/face perception (late positive potentials\/early posterior negativity), as well as fundamental changes in posterior theta oscillations in AN. Behavioral traits of BN\/BED (i.e., loss of control eating, emotional eating), and AN seem to be associated with an increased attentional reactivity (P300) to visual food stimuli.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Electroencephalography research in children and adolescents with FEDs is limited and mostly focused on AN. While EEG abnormalities seem consistent with a reduced top-down control and attentional allocation deficits in AN, altered attention specific to food cues emerges across FEDs. Overcoming conventional EEG analyses, and investigating spatial properties (i.e., electrical neuroimaging), will enhance our understanding of FEDs neurobiology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.882358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T10:41:23Z","timestamp":1649414483000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["EEG Biomarkers in Children and Adolescents With Feeding and Eating Disorders: Current Evidence and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Cristina","family":"Berchio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Cambi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Pappaianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Micali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.12.039","article-title":"Towards the utilization of EEG as a brain imaging tool.","volume":"61","author":"Michel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2021.111424","article-title":"Cognitive assessment using ERP in child and adolescent psychiatry: difficulties and opportunities.","volume":"319","author":"Berchio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-014-0446-z","article-title":"Pediatric feeding and eating disorders: current state of diagnosis and treatment.","volume":"16","author":"Kelly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-017-0186-7","article-title":"Feeding and eating disorders in the DSM-5 era: a systematic review of prevalence rates in non-clinical male and female samples.","volume":"5","author":"Lindvall Dahlgren","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Eat Disord."},{"key":"B5","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-017-0795-5","article-title":"Avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder: a three-dimensional model of neurobiology with implications for etiology and treatment.","volume":"19","author":"Thomas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2654","article-title":"Abnormalities in the EEG power spectrum in bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, and obesity: a systematic review.","volume":"27","author":"Blume","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2003.11.001","article-title":"Effects of sweet and bitter gustatory stimuli in anorexia nervosa on EEG frequency spectra.","volume":"52","author":"T\u00f3th","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S113586","article-title":"Increased frontal electroencephalogram theta amplitude in patients with anorexia nervosa compared to healthy controls.","volume":"12","author":"Hestad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat."},{"key":"B10","author":"Luck","year":"2014","journal-title":"An Introduction to the Event-Related Potential Technique."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2366","article-title":"The processing of food stimuli in abnormal eating: a systematic review of electrophysiology.","volume":"23","author":"Wolz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement.","volume":"6","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"B13","author":"Kmet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Standard Quality Assessment Criteria for Evaluating Primary Research Papers from a Variety of Fields."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.06.016","article-title":"Mechanisms of facial emotion recognition in autism spectrum disorders: insights from eye tracking and electroencephalography.","volume":"80","author":"Black","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1080\/10640266.2016.1160705","article-title":"EEG neurofeedback effects in the treatment of adolescent anorexia nervosa.","volume":"24","author":"Lackner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eat Disord."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2016.06.008","article-title":"Early averted gaze processing in the right fusiform gyrus: an EEG source imaging study.","volume":"119","author":"Berchio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Psychol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.09.006","article-title":"Dysfunctional gaze processing in bipolar disorder.","volume":"16","author":"Berchio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.07.020","article-title":"ERP based measures of cognitive workload: a review.","volume":"118","author":"Ghani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.04.002","article-title":"Event-related potentials, cognition, and behavior: a biological approach.","volume":"30","author":"Kotchoubey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0508-4","article-title":"Trait anxiety on effort allocation to monetary incentives: a behavioral and high-density EEG study.","volume":"9","author":"Berchio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1080\/01688639708403833","article-title":"Assessment of brain function in adolescent anorexia nervosa before and after weight gain.","volume":"19","author":"Bradley","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291700049163","article-title":"The eating attitudes test: psychometric features and clinical correlates.","volume":"12","author":"Garner","year":"1982","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-018-0558-2","article-title":"Deficits in response inhibition on varied levels of demand load in anorexia nervosa: an event-related potentials study.","volume":"25","author":"Yue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-200x.1999.01071.x","article-title":"Contingent negative variation in children with anorexia nervosa.","volume":"41","author":"Torigoe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Int."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-014-0114-7","article-title":"Motivational processing of food cues in anorexia nervosa: a pilot study.","volume":"19","author":"Novosel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020210","article-title":"Altered processing of visual food stimuli in adolescents with loss of control eating.","volume":"11","author":"Biehl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrints."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2017.10.012","article-title":"Emotional eating and instructed food-cue processing in adolescents: an ERP study.","volume":"132","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Psychol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2012.09.020","article-title":"The late positive potential as a marker of motivated attention to underweight bodies in girls with anorexia nervosa.","volume":"73","author":"Horndasch","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717001994","article-title":"Cue reactivity towards bodies in anorexia nervosa\u2013common and differential effects in adolescents and adults.","volume":"48","author":"Horndasch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2016.06.006","article-title":"Alterations in neural processing of emotional faces in adolescent anorexia nervosa patients\u2013an event-related potential study.","volume":"119","author":"Sf\u00e4rlea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Psychol."},{"key":"B31","first-page":"229","article-title":"11 EEG oscillations and wavelet analysis.","author":"Herrmann","year":"","journal-title":"Event-Related Potentials: A Methods Handbook."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2009.01.016","article-title":"Attention modulations of posterior alpha as a control signal for two-dimensional brain\u2013computer interfaces.","volume":"179","author":"Van Gerven","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-11-79","article-title":"Task-related modulation of anterior theta and posterior alpha EEG reflects top-down preparation.","volume":"11","author":"Min","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-010-2371-7","article-title":"Time course and specificity of sensory-motor alpha modulation during the observation of hand motor acts and gestures: a high density EEG study.","volume":"205","author":"Streltsova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphysparis.2014.04.003","article-title":"Frontal midline theta reflects anxiety and cognitive control: meta-analytic evidence.","volume":"109","author":"Cavanagh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Physiol Paris."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20777","article-title":"EEG in adolescent anorexia nervosa: impact of refeeding and weight gain.","volume":"44","author":"Hatch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.1038","article-title":"Deficits in haptic perception and right parietal theta power changes in patients with anorexia nervosa before and after weight gain.","volume":"29","author":"Grunwald","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.10145","article-title":"Cognitive processing of anorexic patients in recognition tasks: an event-related potentials study.","volume":"33","author":"Dodin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2006.07.009","article-title":"Action monitoring and perfectionism in anorexia nervosa.","volume":"63","author":"Pieters","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22711","article-title":"Weak central coherence in weight-restored adolescent anorexia nervosa: characteristics and remediation.","volume":"50","author":"Weinbach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2020.104712","article-title":"A broad-spectrum review on multimodal neuroimaging in bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder.","volume":"151","author":"Mele","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appetite."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720002457","article-title":"Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and amygdala function during cognitive reappraisal predicts weight restoration and emotion regulation impairment in anorexia nervosa.","volume":"50","author":"Steward","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-008-0054-5","article-title":"Topographic ERP analyses: a step-by-step tutorial review.","volume":"20","author":"Murray","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.882358\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T10:41:28Z","timestamp":1649414488000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.882358\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.882358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.882358","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]]},"article-number":"882358"}}