{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T11:26:38Z","timestamp":1793186798418,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":189,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F30DA053176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F30DA053176"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31DA053174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31DA053174"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F32DA041349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F32DA041349"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KL2TR001420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL2TR001420"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA048096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA048096"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH121099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH121099"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH124115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH124115"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR001420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001420"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the DSM-5, psychiatric diagnoses are made based on self-reported symptoms and clinician-identified signs. Though helpful in choosing potential interventions based on the available regimens, this conceptualization of psychiatric diseases can limit basic science investigation into their underlying causes. The reward prediction error (RPE) hypothesis of dopamine neuron function posits that phasic dopamine signals encode the difference between the rewards a person expects and experiences. The computational framework from which this hypothesis was derived, temporal difference reinforcement learning (TDRL), is largely focused on reward processing rather than punishment learning. Many psychiatric disorders are characterized by aberrant behaviors, expectations, reward processing, and hypothesized dopaminergic signaling, but also characterized by suffering and the inability to change one's behavior despite negative consequences. In this review, we provide an overview of the RPE theory of phasic dopamine neuron activity and review the gains that have been made through the use of computational reinforcement learning theory as a framework for understanding changes in reward processing. The relative dearth of explicit accounts of punishment learning in computational reinforcement learning theory and its application in neuroscience is highlighted as a significant gap in current computational psychiatric research. Four disorders comprise the main focus of this review: two disorders of traditionally hypothesized hyperdopaminergic function, addiction and schizophrenia, followed by two disorders of traditionally hypothesized hypodopaminergic function, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Insights gained from a reward processing based reinforcement learning framework about underlying dopaminergic mechanisms and the role of punishment learning (when available) are explored in each disorder. Concluding remarks focus on the future directions required to characterize neuropsychiatric disorders with a hypothesized cause of underlying dopaminergic transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.886297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T07:35:40Z","timestamp":1666251340000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Computational reinforcement learning, reward (and punishment), and dopamine in psychiatric disorders"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Brittany","family":"Liebenow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"DiMarco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Trattner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Humphries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. Paul","family":"Sands","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kasey P.","family":"Spry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina K.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn B.","family":"Farkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth T.","family":"Kishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"4189","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5)","author":"American","year":"2013"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702614565359","article-title":"Model-based cognitive neuroscience approaches to computational psychiatry: clustering and classification","volume":"3","author":"Wiecki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702614567350","article-title":"Introduction to the series on computational psychiatry","volume":"3","author":"Maia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4238","article-title":"Computational psychiatry as a bridge from neuroscience to clinical applications","volume":"19","author":"Huys","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.1998.712192","author":"Sutton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction"},{"key":"B6","author":"Sutton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reinforcement Learning, Second Edition: An Introduction"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-05-01936.1996","article-title":"A Framework for mesencephalic dopamine systems based on predictive Hebbian learning","volume":"16","author":"Montague","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5306.1593","article-title":"A neural substrate of prediction and reward","volume":"275","author":"Schultz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.2489-13.2014","article-title":"Phasic dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens symmetrically encodes a reward prediction error term","volume":"34","author":"Hart","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1167342","article-title":"Human substantia Nigra neurons encode unexpected financial rewards","volume":"323","author":"Zaghloul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1513619112","article-title":"Subsecond dopamine fluctuations in human striatum encode superposed error signals about actual and counterfactual reward","volume":"113","author":"Kishida","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Nat Acad Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118468135","author":"McSweeney","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Operant and Classical Conditioning"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.304","article-title":"The protective action encoding of serotonin transients in the human brain","volume":"43","author":"Moran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.2307\/1914185","article-title":"Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk: economics research center","volume":"47","author":"Kahneman","year":"1979","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00052-7","article-title":"Opponent interactions between serotonin and dopamine","volume":"15","author":"Daw","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2016.08.002","article-title":"An efficiency framework for valence processing systems inspired by soft cross-wiring","volume":"11","author":"Montague","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Behav Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-805308-9.00023-3","article-title":"Chapter 23 - Opponent brain systems for reward and punishment learning: causal evidence from drug and lesion studies in humans","author":"Palminteri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Decision Neuroscience"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-82965-0_12","article-title":"A dynamic affective core to bind the contents, context, and value of conscious experience","author":"Kishida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Affect Dynamics"},{"key":"B19","article-title":"Appetitive-aversive interactions and inhibitory processes","author":"Dickinson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Mechanisms of Learning and Motivation: A Memorial Volume to Jerzy Konorski"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1527","article-title":"Opponent appetitive-aversive neural processes underlie predictive learning of pain relief","volume":"8","author":"Seymour","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4826","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0400-07.2007","article-title":"Differential encoding of losses and gains in the human striatum","volume":"27","author":"Seymour","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2008.08.003","article-title":"Reinforcement learning: the good, the bad and the ugly","volume":"18","author":"Dayan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2010.151","article-title":"Opponency revisited: competition and cooperation between dopamine and serotonin","volume":"36","author":"Boureau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16311","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706111104","article-title":"Genetic triple dissociation reveals multiple roles for dopamine in reinforcement learning","volume":"104","author":"Frank","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01140.2006","article-title":"Statistics of midbrain dopamine neuron spike trains in the awake primate","volume":"98","author":"Bayer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1038\/379449a0","article-title":"Preferential activation of midbrain dopamine neurons by appetitive rather than aversive stimuli","volume":"379","author":"Mirenowicz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10754","article-title":"Neuron-type-specific signals for reward and punishment in the ventral tegmental area","volume":"482","author":"Cohen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29766","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029766","article-title":"Coordinated activity of ventral tegmental neurons adapts to appetitive and aversive learning","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12993-016-0099-7","article-title":"Safety out of control: dopamine and defence","volume":"12","author":"Lloyd","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav Brain Funct."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005062","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005062","article-title":"Learning reward uncertainty in the basal Ganglia","volume":"12","author":"Mikhael","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037015","article-title":"Opponent actor learning (Opal): modeling interactive effects of striatal dopamine on reinforcement learning and choice incentive","volume":"121","author":"Collins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol Rev."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1102384","article-title":"Addiction as a computational process gone awry","volume":"306","author":"Redish","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X0800472X","article-title":"A unified framework for addiction: vulnerabilities in the decision process","volume":"31","author":"Redish","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.6.761","article-title":"Increased striatal dopamine transmission in schizophrenia: confirmation in a second cohort","volume":"155","author":"Abi-Dargham","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(96)84153-9","article-title":"Increased striatal dopamine release in drug free schizophrenic subjects","volume":"39","author":"Laruelle","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biol Psychiat"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sby154","article-title":"Towards a unifying cognitive, neurophysiological, and computational neuroscience account of schizophrenia","volume":"45","author":"Heinz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.05.021","article-title":"An integrative perspective on the role of dopamine in schizophrenia","volume":"81","author":"Maia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.01.027","article-title":"Reward and punishment processing in depression","volume":"68","author":"Eshel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B39","first-page":"199","author":"Pizzagalli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reward and Punishment Processing in the Human Brain: Clues from Affective Neuroscience and Implications for Depression Research. Neuroscience of Decision Making"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185606","article-title":"Depression, stress, and anhedonia: toward a synthesis and integrated model","volume":"10","author":"Pizzagalli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490590899808","article-title":"Are non-substance-related addictions really addictions?","volume":"14","author":"Martin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Addict."},{"key":"B42","first-page":"45","article-title":"A controversial side of addiction: new insight in eating behavior","volume":"15","author":"Piccinni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heroin Addict Relat Clin Probl."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.67.784.112","article-title":"Eating disorders and alcohol misuse: features of an addiction spectrum","volume":"67","author":"Dunne","year":"1991","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654238","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.654238","article-title":"Impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease: from bench to bedside","volume":"15","author":"Augustine","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.5214\/ans.0972-7531.1017309","article-title":"Conditioned reflexes: an investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex","volume":"17","author":"Pavlov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Neurosci."},{"key":"B46","author":"Skinner","year":"1938","journal-title":"The Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1579","article-title":"Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: from actions to habits to compulsion","volume":"8","author":"Everitt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1080\/10673220490910844","article-title":"Neurobiologic processes in drug reward and addiction","volume":"12","author":"Adinoff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Harv Rev Psychiatry."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(00)00195-0","article-title":"Drug addiction, dysregulation of reward, and allostasis","volume":"24","author":"Koob","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.59.103006.093548","article-title":"Addiction and the brain antireward system","volume":"59","author":"Koob","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2013.03.011","article-title":"Negative reinforcement in drug addiction: the darkness within","volume":"23","author":"Koob","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23247","article-title":"Risk and learning in impulsive and nonimpulsive patients with Parkinson's disease","volume":"25","author":"Djamshidian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.09.016","article-title":"Behavioral and neuroeconomics of drug addiction: competing neural systems and temporal discounting processes","volume":"90","author":"Bickel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B54","first-page":"164","article-title":"Smoking decisions: altered reinforcement learning signals induced by nicotine state","volume":"22","author":"Baker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003","article-title":"Delay discounting, impulsiveness, and addiction severity in opioid-dependent patients","volume":"41","author":"Robles","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1037\/pha0000341","article-title":"Delay and probability discounting in cocaine use disorder: comprehensive examination of money, cocaine, and health outcomes using gains and losses at multiple magnitudes","volume":"28","author":"Cox","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171500001X","article-title":"Impulsive choice predicts short-term relapse in substance-dependent individuals attending an in-patient detoxification programme","volume":"45","author":"Stevens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12403","article-title":"Striatum and insula dysfunction during reinforcement learning differentiates abstinent and relapsed methamphetamine-dependent individuals","volume":"109","author":"Stewart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12999","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12999","article-title":"Are methamphetamine users compulsive? Faulty reinforcement learning, not inflexibility, underlies decision making in people with methamphetamine use disorder","volume":"26","author":"Robinson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addict Biol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-009-1645-x","article-title":"Impulsivity and response inhibition in alcohol dependence and problem gambling","volume":"207","author":"Lawrence","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.03.008","article-title":"Comparison of impulsivity and working memory in cocaine addiction and pathological gambling: implications for cocaine-induced neurotoxicity","volume":"126","author":"Albein-Urios","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12558","article-title":"Disordered gambling: the evolving concept of behavioral addiction","volume":"1327","author":"Clark","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.07.009","article-title":"Applying incentive sensitization models to behavioral addiction","volume":"45","author":"R\u00f8mer Thomsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02533.x","article-title":"Problem gamblers share deficits in impulsive decision-making with alcohol-dependent individuals","volume":"104","author":"Lawrence","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4744","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1302374110","article-title":"Altered paralimbic interaction in behavioral addiction","volume":"110","author":"R\u00f8mer Thomsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Nat Acad Sci."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26415","article-title":"New clinical trials for nonmotor manifestations of Parkinson's disease","volume":"30","author":"Schrag","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27689","article-title":"Scales to assess impulsive and compulsive behaviors in Parkinson's disease: critique and recommendations","volume":"34","author":"Evans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.24023","article-title":"Questionnaire for impulsive-compulsive disorders in Parkinson's disease-rating scale","volume":"27","author":"Weintraub","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.65","article-title":"Impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease: a cross-sectional study of 3090 patients","volume":"67","author":"Weintraub","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Neurol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26099","article-title":"Management of impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease: controversies and future approaches","volume":"30","author":"Samuel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2014.00196","article-title":"The role of dopamine in risk taking: a specific look at Parkinson's disease and gambling","volume":"8","author":"Clark","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01591.x","article-title":"Should addictive disorders include non-substance-related conditions?","volume":"101","author":"Potenza","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp054","article-title":"Increased striatal dopamine release in parkinsonian patients with pathological gambling: a [11c] raclopride pet study","volume":"132","author":"Steeves","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2008.09.029","article-title":"Neurocomputational models of basal ganglia function in learning, memory and choice","volume":"199","author":"Cohen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2008.075820","article-title":"Parkinson disease and impulse control disorders: a review of clinical features, pathophysiology and management","volume":"85","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23291","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023291","article-title":"Sub-second dopamine detection in human striatum","volume":"6","author":"Kishida","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.09.015","article-title":"Sub-second dopamine and serotonin signaling in human striatum during perceptual decision-making","volume":"108","author":"Bang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0271348","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271348","article-title":"Intracranial approach for sub-second monitoring of neurotransmitters during Dbs electrode implantation does not increase infection rate","volume":"17","author":"Liebenow","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2020.08.007","article-title":"Computational theory-driven studies of reinforcement learning and decision-making in addiction: what have we learned?","volume":"38","author":"Gueguen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Behav Sci."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-019-05325-w","article-title":"Computational modelling reveals contrasting effects on reinforcement learning and cognitive flexibility in stimulant use disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: remediating effects of dopaminergic D2\/3 receptor agents","volume":"236","author":"Kanen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0047-3","article-title":"Behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms of punishment: implications for psychiatric disorders","volume":"43","author":"Jean-Richard-Dit-Bressel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2016.09.002","article-title":"Aberrant decision-making and drug addiction\u2014how strong is the evidence?","volume":"13","author":"Ekhtiari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Behav Sci."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7814","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4063-13.2014","article-title":"Impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease are associated with dysfunction in stimulus valuation but not action valuation","volume":"34","author":"Piray","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp094","article-title":"Reward-learning and the novelty-seeking personality: a between- and within-subjects study of the effects of dopamine agonists on young Parkinson's patients","volume":"132","author":"B\u00f3di","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.09.018","article-title":"Probabilistic reward- and punishment-based learning in opioid addiction: experimental and computational data","volume":"296","author":"Myers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.09.033","article-title":"Learning and generalization from reward and punishment in opioid addiction","volume":"317","author":"Myers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-3986-y","article-title":"Abnormal modulation of reward versus punishment learning by a dopamine D2-receptor antagonist in pathological gamblers","volume":"232","author":"Janssen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-021-00147-2","article-title":"Functional connectivity abnormalities of the long-axis hippocampal subregions in schizophrenia during episodic memory","volume":"7","author":"Dugr\u00e9","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Schizophrenia."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2019.107426","article-title":"The origin of Nmda receptor hypofunction in schizophrenia","volume":"205","author":"Nakazawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp006","article-title":"The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: version iii\u2013the final common pathway","volume":"35","author":"Howes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2016.18.1\/ldeserno","article-title":"Striatal dopamine, reward, and decision making in schizophrenia","volume":"18","author":"Deserno","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S225643","article-title":"Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: a review and clinical guide for recognition, assessment, and treatment","volume":"16","author":"Correll","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.9.1328","article-title":"Behavioral and intellectual markers for schizophrenia in apparently healthy male adolescents","volume":"156","author":"Davidson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(98)00156-X","article-title":"Comparison of set-shifting ability in patients with chronic schizophrenia and frontal lobe damage","volume":"37","author":"Pantelis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(95)02589-3","article-title":"Verbal working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia: use of a brown-Peterson paradigm","volume":"56","author":"Fleming","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2009.03.039","article-title":"Attentional set-shifting ability in first-episode and established schizophrenia: relationship to working memory","volume":"112","author":"Pantelis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B97","article-title":"Wisconsin card sorting test","author":"Grant","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.07.015","article-title":"The Wisconsin card sorting impairment in schizophrenia is evident in the first four trials","volume":"106","author":"Prentice","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.10.1784","article-title":"Lack of ventral striatal response to positive stimuli in depressed versus normal subjects","volume":"163","author":"Epstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.183","article-title":"Cognitive mechanisms of treatment in depression","volume":"37","author":"Roiser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023333","article-title":"Temporal discounting of rewards in patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia","volume":"120","author":"Ahn","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.11.063","article-title":"Delay discounting abnormalities are seen in first-episode schizophrenia but not in bipolar disorder","volume":"216","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4475-07.2008","article-title":"Working memory capacity predicts dopamine synthesis capacity in the human striatum","volume":"28","author":"Cools","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1126\/science.112679","article-title":"Cognitive deficit caused by regional depletion of dopamine in prefrontal cortex of rhesus monkey","volume":"205","author":"Brozoski","year":"1979","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.03.028","article-title":"Inverted-U\u2013shaped dopamine actions on human working memory and cognitive control","volume":"69","author":"Cools","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn068","article-title":"Reward processing in schizophrenia: a deficit in the representation of value","volume":"34","author":"Gold","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.03.072","article-title":"Impulsive decision making, brain cortical thickness and familial schizophrenia risk","volume":"220","author":"Barry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.02.015","article-title":"Decision-making impairments in the context of intact reward sensitivity in schizophrenia","volume":"64","author":"Heerey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.112298","article-title":"Reward and punishment learning in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder","volume":"381","author":"Abohamza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.11.004","article-title":"Reward-driven decision-making impairments in schizophrenia","volume":"206","author":"Saperia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.09.042","article-title":"Selective reinforcement learning deficits in schizophrenia support predictions from computational models of striatal-cortical dysfunction","volume":"62","author":"Waltz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.02.765","article-title":"P528. Computational modeling of reward learning in schizophrenia using the reinforcement learning drift diffusion model (Rlddm)","volume":"91","author":"Pine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301408","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation to reward circuitry alleviates anhedonia in refractory major depression","volume":"33","author":"Schlaepfer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22482","article-title":"Neural reactivity to reward as a predictor of cognitive behavioral therapy response in anxiety and depression","volume":"33","author":"Burkhouse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2723","article-title":"From reinforcement learning models to psychiatric and neurological disorders","volume":"14","author":"Maia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"B116","year":"2017","journal-title":"Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22466","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.9104su1c.01","article-title":"Why do you need to move beyond first-line therapy for major depression?","volume":"71","author":"Culpepper","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2008.10.3\/shkennedy","article-title":"Core symptoms of major depressive disorder: relevance to diagnosis and treatment","volume":"10","author":"Kennedy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198312000-00001","article-title":"The core symptoms of depression in medical and psychiatric patients","volume":"171","author":"Clark","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Nerv Mental Dis"},{"key":"B120","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cbhsq Methodology Report. Dsm-5 Changes: Implications for Child Serious Emotional Disturbance"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0644-x","article-title":"Meta-analysis of reward processing in major depressive disorder reveals distinct abnormalities within the reward circuit","volume":"9","author":"Ng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.08081201","article-title":"Reduced caudate and nucleus accumbens response to rewards in unmedicated individuals with major depressive disorder","volume":"166","author":"Pizzagalli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.02.013","article-title":"The roles of the orbitofrontal cortex via the habenula in non-reward and depression, and in the responses of serotonin and dopamine neurons","volume":"75","author":"Rolls","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0927-14.2015","article-title":"Distinct midbrain and habenula pathways are involved in processing aversive events in humans","volume":"35","author":"Hennigan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.03.023","article-title":"Prediction error in reinforcement learning: a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies","volume":"37","author":"Garrison","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10994-010-5229-0","article-title":"Informing sequential clinical decision-making through reinforcement learning: an empirical study","volume":"84","author":"Shortreed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mach Learn."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00169-7","article-title":"Temporal difference models and reward-related learning in the human brain","volume":"38","author":"O'Doherty","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1102941","article-title":"By carrot or by stick: cognitive reinforcement learning in Parkinsonism","volume":"306","author":"Frank","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00848-1","article-title":"Modulation of caudate activity by action contingency","volume":"41","author":"Tricomi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0032-x","article-title":"Impaired reward prediction error encoding and striatal-midbrain connectivity in depression","volume":"43","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.05.005","article-title":"Reinforcement learning in depression: a review of computational research","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2510","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz167","article-title":"Impaired reward-related learning signals in remitted unmedicated patients with recurrent depression","volume":"142","author":"Geugies","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx025","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of reinforcement learning in unmedicated patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"140","author":"Rothkirch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsu158","article-title":"Altered neural reward and loss processing and prediction error signalling in depression","volume":"10","author":"Ubl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa106","article-title":"Blunted medial prefrontal cortico-limbic reward-related effective connectivity and depression","volume":"143","author":"Rupprechter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21092","article-title":"Dorsal striatal\u2013midbrain connectivity in humans predicts how reinforcements are used to guide decisions","volume":"21","author":"Kahnt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2020.10.012","article-title":"Dopamine, updated: reward prediction error and beyond","volume":"67","author":"Lerner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.1713","article-title":"Association of neural and emotional impacts of reward prediction errors with major depression","volume":"74","author":"Rutledge","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.10.1.107","article-title":"Reward-related brain function as a predictor of treatment response in adolescents with major depressive disorder","volume":"10","author":"Forbes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci."},{"key":"B140","author":"Sheffler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antidepressants"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn136","article-title":"Abnormal temporal difference reward-learning signals in major depression","volume":"131","author":"Kumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2009.06.029","article-title":"Antidepressant effects of pramipexole, a dopamine D3\/D2 receptor agonist, and 7-Oh-Dpat, a dopamine D3 receptor agonist, in olfactory bulbectomized rats","volume":"616","author":"Breuer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2004.12.010","article-title":"Dopaminergic mechanism of antidepressant action in depressed patients","volume":"86","author":"Willner","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199812000-00005","article-title":"Involvement of serotonin and dopamine in the mechanism of action of novel antidepressant drugs: a review","volume":"18","author":"Bonhomme","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881111416686","article-title":"Hyporeactivity of ventral striatum towards incentive stimuli in unmedicated depressed patients normalizes after treatment with escitalopram","volume":"26","author":"Stoy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.11.1228","article-title":"Functional neuroanatomical substrates of altered reward processing in major depressive disorder revealed by a dopaminergic probe","volume":"62","author":"Tremblay","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-071714-033928","article-title":"Depression: a decision-theoretic analysis","volume":"38","author":"Huys","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.1844","article-title":"Reinforcement learning disruptions in individuals with depression and sensitivity to symptom change following cognitive behavioral therapy","volume":"78","author":"Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA psychiatry."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00140","article-title":"Under the hood: using computational psychiatry to make psychological therapies more mechanism-focused","volume":"11","author":"Nair","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.01.018","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: a multisite randomized controlled trial","volume":"62","author":"O'Reardon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.10.026","article-title":"Anhedonia and reward-circuit connectivity distinguish nonresponders from responders to dorsomedial prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in major depression","volume":"76","author":"Downar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.11.014","article-title":"Predictive neural coding of reward preference involves dissociable responses in human ventral midbrain and ventral striatum","volume":"49","author":"O'Doherty","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.03.005","article-title":"Warm pleasant feelings in the brain","volume":"41","author":"Rolls","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/65.1.193","article-title":"Modulating dysfunctional limbic-cortical circuits in depression: towards development of brain-based algorithms for diagnosis and optimised treatment","volume":"65","author":"Mayberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br Med Bull."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.06.041","article-title":"A review of white matter microstructure alterations of pathways of the reward circuit in depression","volume":"187","author":"Bracht","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2009.05.001","article-title":"Extraction of prefronto-amygdalar pathways by combining probability maps","volume":"174","author":"Bracht","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.05.008","article-title":"The cingulum bundle: anatomy, function, and dysfunction","volume":"92","author":"Bubb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2013.00152","article-title":"Preliminary study of white matter in adolescent depression: relationships with illness severity, anhedonia, and irritability","volume":"4","author":"Henderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B159","first-page":"5","article-title":"White matter integrity deficit in treatment-na\u00efve adult patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"21","author":"Ouyang","year":"2011","journal-title":"East Asian Arch Psychiatry."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2013.04.012","article-title":"Effect of the Comt Val158met polymorphism on white matter connectivity in patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"545","author":"Seok","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171300158X","article-title":"Microstructural white-matter abnormalities associated with treatment resistance, severity and duration of illness in major depression","volume":"44","author":"de Diego-Adeli\u00f1o","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2009.11.005","article-title":"Altered white matter microstructure in adolescents with major depression: a preliminary study","volume":"49","author":"Cullen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2014.04.021","article-title":"White matter correlates of adolescent depression: structural evidence for frontolimbic disconnectivity","volume":"53","author":"LeWinn","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32060","article-title":"Reduced fractional anisotropy in the uncinate fasciculus in patients with major depression carrying the met-allele of the val66met brain-derived neurotrophic factor genotype","author":"Carballedo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2010.199","article-title":"White matter changes in healthy adolescents at familial risk for unipolar depression: a diffusion tensor imaging study","volume":"36","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.01.022","article-title":"Cingulum white matter in young women at risk of depression: the effect of family history and anhedonia","volume":"72","author":"Keedwell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.024","article-title":"Relation between structural and functional connectivity in major depressive disorder","volume":"74","author":"de Kwaasteniet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.279","article-title":"Quantitative tract-specific measures of uncinate and cingulum in major depression using diffusion tensor imaging","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713003000","article-title":"Altered white-matter architecture in treatment-naive adolescents with clinical depression","volume":"44","author":"Aghajani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.10.048","article-title":"White matter microstructure alterations of the medial forebrain bundle in melancholic depression","volume":"155","author":"Bracht","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2012.07.004","article-title":"Impaired integrity of the brain parenchyma in non-geriatric patients with major depressive disorder revealed by diffusion tensor imaging","volume":"212","author":"Tha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B172","first-page":"525","article-title":"Alterations of white matter integrity in adults with major depressive disorder: a magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"33","author":"Zou","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2012.03.012","article-title":"Altered white matter integrity of forebrain in treatment-resistant depression: a diffusion tensor imaging study with tract-based spatial statistics","volume":"38","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.581","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation to the medial forebrain bundle for depression- long-term outcomes and a novel data analysis strategy","volume":"10","author":"Bewernick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.01.034","article-title":"Rapid effects of deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant major depression","volume":"73","author":"Schlaepfer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-015-0338-7","article-title":"Reinforcement learning models and their neural correlates: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Chase","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci."},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.81","article-title":"Disrupted habenula function in major depression","volume":"22","author":"Lawson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsx074","article-title":"Association between habenula dysfunction and motivational symptoms in unmedicated major depressive disorder","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci."},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11527","article-title":"Input-specific control of reward and aversion in the ventral tegmental area","volume":"491","author":"Lammel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.04.034","article-title":"Neural processing of reward and punishment in young people at increased familial risk of depression","volume":"72","author":"McCabe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1612499","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"376","author":"Shalev","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2018.10.002","article-title":"Diminished positive affect and traumatic stress: a biobehavioral review and commentary on trauma affective neuroscience","volume":"9","author":"Fonzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol Stress."},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2014.11.006","article-title":"Learning models of PTSD: theoretical accounts and psychobiological evidence","volume":"98","author":"Lissek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol."},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.02.023","article-title":"Impaired safety signal learning may be a biomarker of Ptsd","volume":"62","author":"Jovanovic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology."},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.02.025","article-title":"Fear potentiation and fear inhibition in a human fear-potentiated startle paradigm","volume":"57","author":"Jovanovic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2007.12.014","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder may be associated with impaired fear inhibition: relation to symptom severity","volume":"167","author":"Jovanovic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2016.00163","article-title":"Dopamine rebound-excitation theory: putting brakes on Ptsd","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2428","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1303061110","article-title":"Single dose of L-dopa makes extinction memories context-independent and prevents the return of fear","volume":"110","author":"Haaker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"B189","year":"2015","journal-title":"Definitions of the RDoC Domains and Constructs"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.886297\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,6]],"date-time":"2024-10-06T05:14:50Z","timestamp":1728191690000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.886297\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]]},"references-count":189,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.886297"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.886297","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]]},"article-number":"886297"}}