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Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) frequently co-occurs with other neurodevelopmental diagnoses, such as autism spectrum disorder (autism), which can make clinical decision making around symptom management challenging for clinicians. There is a paucity of research examining pharmacotherapeutic management of children who have ADHD with co-occurring diagnoses. We aimed to report on the co-occurring diagnoses and symptom profile of children, and report on medication use, stratified by ADHD, autism and ADHD + autism diagnoses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and Materials<\/jats:title><jats:p>Caregivers of 505 children (2\u201318 years) with ADHD (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 239), autism (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 117), and co-occurring ADHD + autism (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 149) completed a questionnaire on current medication use and clinical rating scales about their child's symptoms, as part of a broader project investigating diagnosis and management of symptoms in children with ADHD or autism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The parents of the ADHD group reported a higher proportion of their children had learning disorders (17.15%) and speech and language disorders (4.60%) compared to the parents of the autism and ADHD + autism groups. Parents of the ADHD + autism group reported higher proportions of intellectual disability (5.37%), oppositional defiant disorder (20.13%), anxiety (38.93%), depression (6.71%) and genetic conditions (3.36%) in their children, in comparison to the parents of the ADHD and autism groups. Children with ADHD were reported to be taking a higher proportion of psychotropic medication (90%), followed by ADHD + autism (86%) and autism (39%). The parents of children with ADHD + autism reported a higher proportion of non-stimulant ADHD medication (25.5%), antipsychotic (18.79%), antidepressant (22.15%) and melatonin (31.54%) use by their children, compared to the parents of the ADHD and autism groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>A similar proportion of children with ADHD + autism and ADHD were reported to be taking medication. However, the types of medication taken were different, as expected with reported co-occurring diagnoses. The complexity of symptoms and diagnoses in ADHD + autism warrants targeted research to optimize management and therapeutic outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.914668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]],"date-time":"2022-06-27T07:35:14Z","timestamp":1656315314000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Understanding the Diversity of Pharmacotherapeutic Management of ADHD With Co-occurring Autism: An Australian Cross-Sectional Survey"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Olivia J.","family":"Mellahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachael","family":"Knott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeggan","family":"Tiego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Kallady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrina","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Bellgrove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beth P.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt261","article-title":"prevalence estimates across three decades: an updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis","volume":"43","author":"Polanczyk G","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e994","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3482","article-title":"Prevalence of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"135","author":"Thomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Neurodevelopmental Disorders. 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