{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T05:05:25Z","timestamp":1782536725816,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Childhood trauma might be a modifiable risk factor among adults with serious mental illness. However, the correlation of child trauma and suicide is unclear, which were cited most frequently as the biggest challenge to schizophrenia (SCZ) patients in China. We aim to study relationships between child trauma and suicide in SCZ patients of different disease stages.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ninety-one participants were included and divided into two groups, namely, first-episode group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 46), relapsed group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 45). The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale was used to evaluate the severity of psychotic symptoms. The Beck's Suicide Intent Scale and The Nurses' Global Assessment of Suicide Risk were conducted by patient self-report to assess suicide symptom. The childhood trauma questionnaire was used to estimate severity of traumatic stress experienced during childhood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Childhood trauma and different dimensions of suicide were significantly higher in the relapsed group than first-episode group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01, respectively). BMI has a significant positive relationship with recent psychosocial stress (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = 0.473, <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> = 3.521, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) in first-episode group. As in relapsed group, BMI has a positive effect between severe mental illness and suicide ideation (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = 0.672, <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> = 5.949, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001; <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = 0.909, <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> = 2.463, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001), Furthermore, emotional neglect presented positively related to the suicide risk and proneness to suicidal behavior (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = 0.618, <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> = 5.518, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001; <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = 0.809, <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> = 5.356, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Relapsed group of patients had significantly more severe childhood trauma, recent psychosocial stress, suicidal risk and proneness to suicidal behavior. BMI and emotional neglect are unique predictors for different dimensions of suicide.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.927540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T09:27:08Z","timestamp":1663666028000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Childhood maltreatment increases the suicidal risk in Chinese schizophrenia patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peijun","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingrong","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianliang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loufeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanfan","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xialong","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenzhi","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cuizhen","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xulai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S236885","article-title":"Assessment causality in associations between serum uric acid and risk of schizophrenia: a two-sample bidirectional mendelian randomization study","volume":"12","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20802","article-title":"Nature and prevalence of combinations of mental disorders and their association with excess mortality in a population-based cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Plana-Ripoll","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e121","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2020.106","article-title":"Mortality and suicide in schizophrenia: 21-year follow-up in rural China","volume":"6","author":"Ran","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJPsych Open."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.116.194019","article-title":"Influence of childhood trauma on diagnosis and substance use in first-episode psychosis","volume":"211","author":"Tomassi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scog.2018.11.001","article-title":"The role of childhood trauma in cognitive performance in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder - a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Dauvermann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Schizophr Res Cogn."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1738-3","article-title":"Assessment of sexual dysfunction and associated factors among patients with schizophrenia in Ethiopia, 2017","volume":"18","author":"Fanta","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1383-2","article-title":"Borderline personality disorder and childhood trauma: exploring the affected biological systems and mechanisms","volume":"17","author":"Cattane","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.3390\/children7120274","article-title":"Child trauma experiences and dissociative symptoms in women with eating disorders: case-control study","volume":"7","author":"Rabito-Alc\u00f3n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Children."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000014","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment, emotional dysregulation, and psychiatric comorbidities","volume":"22","author":"Dvir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Harv Rev Psychiatry."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3521","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113521","article-title":"Food addiction and psychosocial adversity: biological embedding, contextual factors, and public health implications","volume":"12","author":"Wiss","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2016-2122","article-title":"Exposure to violence: associations with psychiatric disorders in Brazilian youth","volume":"40","author":"Fidalgo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e100347","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2020-100347","article-title":"Suicide in Nigeria: observations from the content analysis of newspapers","volume":"34","author":"Oyetunji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gen Psychiatr."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.06.015","article-title":"Measuring trauma and stressful events in childhood and adolescence among patients with first-episode psychosis: initial factor structure, reliability, and validity of the trauma experiences checklist","volume":"210","author":"Cristofaro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612322","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.612322","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment, psychopathology, and offending behavior in patients with schizophrenia: A latent class analysis evidencing disparities in inpatient treatment outcome","volume":"12","author":"Lau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e100448","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2020-100448","article-title":"Depression, suicidality and associated risk factors among police officers in urban Tanzania: a cross-sectional study","volume":"34","author":"Njiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gen Psychiatr."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.04.025","article-title":"Predictors of suicide at time of diagnosis in schizophrenia spectrum disorder: a 20-year total population study in Ontario, Canada","volume":"222","author":"Zaheer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.10.1123","article-title":"Psychiatry, a systematic review of mortality in schizophrenia","volume":"64","author":"Saha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.3.247","article-title":"The lifetime risk of suicide in schizophrenia","volume":"62","author":"Palmer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.0185","article-title":"Association of an early intervention service for psychosis with suicide rate among patients with first-episode schizophrenia-spectrum disorders","volume":"75","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx131","article-title":"Risk factors for suicidality in patients with schizophrenia: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of 96 studies","volume":"44","author":"Cassidy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-018-0193-3","article-title":"Suicidal ideation and attempts among people with severe mental disorder, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, comparative cross-sectional study","author":"Duko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"B22","first-page":"126","article-title":"Schizophrenia and suicide","volume":"22","author":"Balhara","year":"2012","journal-title":"East Asian Arch Psychiatry"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55070361","article-title":"Suicide in schizophrenia: an educational overview","volume":"55","author":"Sher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicina."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2022.103087","article-title":"Longitudinal relapse pattern of patients with first-episode schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and its predictors and outcomes: a 10-year follow-up study","volume":"71","author":"Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2019.5.24153","article-title":"Suicide attempts and related factors in schizophrenia patients","volume":"40","author":"Aydin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi Med J."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.12697","article-title":"Medication, hospitalizations and mortality in 5 years after first-episode psychosis in a Swedish nation-wide cohort","volume":"13","author":"Stralin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Early Interv Psychiatry."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3182a2168a","article-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition, and clinical utility","volume":"201","author":"First","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2004.11.007","article-title":"Moroccan colloquial Arabic version of the mini international neuropsychiatric interview (MINI): qualitative and quantitative validation","volume":"20","author":"Kadri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbw055","article-title":"A network approach to psychosis: pathways between childhood trauma and psychotic symptoms","volume":"43","author":"Isvoranu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S123","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt150","article-title":"Psychopathological mechanisms linking childhood traumatic experiences to risk of psychotic symptoms: analysis of a large, representative population-based sample","volume":"40","author":"van Nierop","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/16.4.571","article-title":"Schizophrenics kill themselves too: a review of risk factors for suicide","volume":"16","author":"Caldwell","year":"1990","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0208779","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208779","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the childhood trauma questionnaire-short form for inpatients with schizophrenia","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112567","article-title":"Childhood trauma predicts multiple, high lethality suicide attempts in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"281","author":"Alli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38881.382755.2F","article-title":"Effectiveness of antipsychotic treatments in a nationwide cohort of patients in community care after first hospitalisation due to schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: observational follow-up study","volume":"333","author":"Tiihonen","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-017-0072-8","article-title":"Psychosocial characteristics as potential predictors of suicide in adults: an overview of the evidence with new results from prospective cohort studies","volume":"8","author":"Batty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2016(03)03","article-title":"Evaluation of the quality of life and risk of suicide","volume":"71","author":"Alves","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1159\/000322085","article-title":"Overweight of adolescent girls is associated with self-mutilative behavior","volume":"44","author":"Riala","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychopathology."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs050","article-title":"Childhood adversities increase the risk of psychosis: a meta-analysis of patient-control, prospective- and cross-sectional cohort studies","volume":"38","author":"Varese","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(02)00296-7","article-title":"Childhood abuse and dissociative symptoms in adult schizophrenia","volume":"60","author":"Holowka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2009.0583","article-title":"Sexual abuse and lifetime diagnosis of psychiatric disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"85","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2021.100343","article-title":"Molecular impacts of childhood abuse on the human brain","volume":"15","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol Stress."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.02.1096","article-title":"Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences","volume":"82","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00218.x","article-title":"Validity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: review of the evidence","volume":"45","author":"Hardt","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.927540\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T09:27:12Z","timestamp":1663666032000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.927540\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.927540"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.927540","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"article-number":"927540"}}