{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T18:34:32Z","timestamp":1789497272464,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>According to the social-cognitive theory and the social-information-processing theory, individuals with conduct disorder, a persistent and repetitive pattern of problematic behavior, might have cognitive biases toward hostile facial expressions. However, according to the optimal stimulation\/arousal theory, the stimulation-seeking theory and the fearlessness theory, individuals with conduct disorder might have less fear and show less response to hostile or threatening facial expressions. To reconcile the discrepancy, we examined the cognitive biases including attentional processing and working memory processing to emotional faces among adolescents with conduct disorder. 35 male adolescent delinquents with conduct disorder and 35 age-matched delinquents without conduct disorder completed a visual search task and a delayed-match-to-sample task to examine their attentional processing and working memory processing for sad, angry, happy, and fearful faces, respectively. It was found that conduct disordered individuals searched angry and fearful faces, rather than sad and happy faces, more slowly than individuals without conduct disorder. However, no difference in mnemonic processing for facial emotions was found between groups. The results indicated that male adolescent delinquents with conduct disorder showed deficits in attentional orientation to hostile and threatening faces, supporting the optimal stimulation\/arousal theory, the stimulation-seeking theory and the fearlessness theory, but not the social-cognitive theory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.937754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T05:15:20Z","timestamp":1661231720000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Cognitive deficits for facial emotions among male adolescent delinquents with conduct disorder"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Kou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boyao","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinhong","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taiyong","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02287315","article-title":"Criminal behavior and emotional disorder: Comparing youth served by the mental health and juvenile justice systems.","volume":"27","author":"Rosenblatt","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Behav Health Serv Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-013-9368-z","article-title":"Young offenders\u2019 emotion recognition dysfunction across emotion intensities: Explaining variation using psychopathic traits, conduct disorder and offense severity.","volume":"36","author":"Bowen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Behav Assess."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.07.010","article-title":"Symptoms of conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, and callous-unemotional traits as unique predictors of psychosocial maladjustment in boys: Advancing an evidence base for DSM-V.","volume":"49","author":"Pardini","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-11-57","article-title":"The impact of ADHD and conduct disorder in childhood on adult delinquency: A 30 years follow-up study using official crime records.","volume":"11","author":"Mordre","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033076","article-title":"Can callous-unemotional traits enhance the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of serious conduct problems in children and adolescents? 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