{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:10:26Z","timestamp":1790885426627,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent mental disorders in the world and have an important impact on the global burden of disease. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is the most prevalent anxiety disorder encountered in primary care. There are no available validated anxiety screening tools in primary care in Latvia. We aimed to validate both a seven-item and a two-item generalized anxiety disorder scale (GAD-7 and GAD-2) in the Latvian and Russian languages, to detect generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in primary care settings in Latvia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>During a 1-week period, all patients aged 18 years or older visiting their GP (general practitioners) with any health concern at 24 primary care settings throughout Latvia were invited to complete the GAD-7 in their native language (Latvian or Russian). Criterion validity was assessed against the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study sample included 1,459 participants who completed the GAD-7 and the MINI. The GAD-7 items showed good internal reliability [Cronbach's alpha 0.87 for Latvian version and 0.85 for Russian version (for Latvia) of the GAD-7]. A cut-off score for detecting GAD of 5 or above was estimated for Latvian version of the GAD-7 (sensitivity 75.4%, specificity 68.9%, respectively) and 7 or above for Russian version of the GAD-7 (sensitivity 73.3%, specificity 84.1%, respectively). The internal reliability of the GAD-2 was lower for both languages (Cronbach's alpha 0.75 for Latvian version and 0.68 for Russian version of the GAD-2). A cut-off score of 2 or above was established for both the Latvian, and Russian versions of the GAD-2 (sensitivity 78.9 and 83.3%; specificity 63.7 and 69.1% for the Latvian and Russian versions of the GAD-2, accordingly) for detecting GAD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is the first study to report criterion validity of the Latvian and Russian (for Latvia) versions of the GAD-7 and GAD-2, assessed in a nationwide study conducted at the primary care level.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.972628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T13:26:47Z","timestamp":1665062807000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Validation of the generalized anxiety disorder scales (GAD-7 and GAD-2) in primary care settings in Latvia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jelena","family":"Vrublevska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lubova","family":"Renemane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anda","family":"Kivite-Urtane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elmars","family":"Rancans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796021000275","article-title":"Global, regional and national burden of anxiety disorders from 1990 to 2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psych Sci"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12746","article-title":"Optimizing treatments for anxiety by age and genetics","volume":"1345","author":"Casey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2015.17.3\/bbandelow","article-title":"Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century","volume":"17","author":"Bandelow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dialog Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.01.018","article-title":"Prevalence and course of subthreshold anxiety disorder in the general population: a three-year follow-up study","volume":"247","author":"Bosman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00004","article-title":"Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection","volume":"146","author":"Kroenke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmp071","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence, morbidity and treatment patterns in a cohort of patients diagnosed with anxiety in UK primary care","volume":"27","author":"Mart\u00edn-Merino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fam Pract."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-020-00276-5","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of mental disorders in the nationwide primary care population in Latvia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"19","author":"Rancans","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370605100206","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence studies of anxiety disorders: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"51","author":"Somers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/da.10065","article-title":"Generalized anxiety disorder: prevalence, burden, and cost to society","volume":"16","author":"Wittchen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/13651500600552297","article-title":"Anxiety disorders: under-diagnosed and insufficiently treated","volume":"1","author":"Kasper","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02143-7","article-title":"Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"398","author":"Santomauro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110207","article-title":"Prevalence of anxiety in the COVID-19 pandemic: an updated meta-analysis of community-based studies","volume":"109","author":"Santab\u00e1rbara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psych"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.24869\/psyd.2020.6","article-title":"COVID-19 Pandemia and public and global mental health from the perspective of global health securit","volume":"32","author":"Jakovljevic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatr Danub."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-018-0885-z","article-title":"Suicidality in subjects with anxiety or obsessive-compulsive and related disorders: recent advances","volume":"20","author":"De La Vega","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2005.04.012","article-title":"Size and burden of mental disorders in Europe\u2013a critical review and appraisal of 27 studies","volume":"15","author":"Wittchen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol J Eur Coll Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.8224","article-title":"Using Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 (GAD-2) and GAD-7 in a Primary Care Setting","author":"Sapra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B17","unstructured":"\u0160icaK\n            Pulmanis\n            TaubeM\n          Slimibu profilakses un kontroles centrs; Psihisk\u0101 veseliba Latvij\u0101 2016. gad\u0101. Tematiskais zinojums. Center for Disease Prevention Control; Mental health in Latvia in 2016. Thematic report2017"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58091163","article-title":"Anxiety screening among the general population of latvia and associated factors","volume":"58","author":"Vinogradova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicina."},{"key":"B19","unstructured":"Common mental health problems: identification and pathways to care"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02753-3","article-title":"systematic review of validated screening tools for anxiety disorders and PTSD in low to middle income countries","volume":"20","author":"Mughal","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med."},{"key":"B22","unstructured":""},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-018-0203-5","article-title":"Validity of the PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 to screen for depression in nationwide primary care population in Latvia","volume":"17","author":"Rancans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"B24","first-page":"4","article-title":"The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M","volume":"59","author":"Sheehan","year":"","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-017-0674-5","article-title":"The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview is useful and well accepted as part of the clinical assessment for depression and anxiety in primary care: a mixed-methods study","volume":"19","author":"Pettersson","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.12.031","article-title":"The 12-month prevalence of depression and health care utilization in the general population of Latvia","volume":"210","author":"Vrublevska","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2013.08.1692","article-title":"Lost in Translation: Translatability of Psychiatric Terms \u2013 The Example of the Mini\u2013 International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M","volume":"16","author":"Boudrot","year":"2013","journal-title":"INI) Value Health."},{"key":"B28","first-page":"455","article-title":"Use of a structured diagnostic interview to identify depressive episodes in an epidemiologic study: a posteriori internal validation","volume":"47","author":"Duburcq","year":"1999","journal-title":"Revue d'epidemiologie et de sante publique."},{"key":"B29","first-page":"p. 94-122","article-title":"Gordis Epidemiology 6th ed: Saunders; 2019","author":"Celentano","year":""},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1903-8","article-title":"Mental and physical comorbidity in an Arab primary health care setting","volume":"18","author":"Alkhadhari","year":"","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e318160d093","article-title":"Validation and standardization of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) in the general population","volume":"46","author":"L\u00f6we","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Care."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.03.006","article-title":"Validation of screening tools for depression and anxiety disorders in a primary care population with high HIV prevalence in Zimbabwe","volume":"198","author":"Chibanda","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.12.129","article-title":"Validation of the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) as a screening tool for anxiety among pregnant Chinese women","volume":"282","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3109\/02813432.2014.920597","article-title":"Prevalence of anxiety disorders among Finnish primary care high utilizers and validation of Finnish translation of GAD-7 and GAD-2 screening tools","volume":"32","author":"Kujanp\u00e4\u00e4","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand J Prim Health Care."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-015-0583-8","article-title":"Validation of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and GAD-2 in patients with migraine","volume":"16","author":"Seo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Headache Pain."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2015.11.005","article-title":"Screening for anxiety disorders with the GAD-7 and GAD-2: a systematic review and diagnostic metaanalysis","volume":"39","author":"Plummer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-8-8","article-title":"Cultural adaptation into Spanish of the generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale as a screening tool","volume":"8","author":"Garc\u00eda-Campayo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.01.016","article-title":"Quick and easy self-rating of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: validity of the Dutch web-based GAD-7, GAD-2 and GAD-SI","volume":"188","author":"Donker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181ea169f","article-title":"Cross-ethnic comparison of lifetime prevalence rates of anxiety disorders","volume":"198","author":"Asnaani","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2015.01.005","article-title":"Cultural-based biases of the GAD-7","volume":"31","author":"Parkerson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"B41","unstructured":""}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.972628\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T13:26:50Z","timestamp":1665062810000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.972628\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.972628"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.972628","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"article-number":"972628"}}