{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T18:01:51Z","timestamp":1787076111906,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003350","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Mapfre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003350","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>IBSA has been defined as taking, distributing, and\/or making threats to distribute, a sexual image without a person's consent, and up to date there is still limited research on IBSA perpetration and characteristics of IBSA perpetrators. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify characteristics of IBSA perpetrators, in order to guide future intervention and prevention programs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>An online survey was conducted regarding IBSA related behaviors and psychopathology. The original sample comprised 1,370 Spanish college students (74% females).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The IBSA perpetrator subsample comprised 284 participants (49.5% females). Our findings indicate that perpetrators are more commonly males, with higher psychopathology scores, especially in hostility scales, with previous IBSA victimization experiences, and who usually target friends, to have fun or as a joke, or partners, to flirt. Furthermore, when examining intragroup differences regarding perpetration level of severity, results showed that those who reported engaging in the most severe forms of IBSA reported higher rates of psychopathology and hostility. Yet, to intervene in those who present more severe behaviors, we must also pay attention to depression, somatization and sleep disturbances.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>IBSA perpetrators share key factors that could be targeted in forensic and clinical interventions, and that should be taken into account when designing effective offender intervention programs. Intervention programs should focus on anger-management issues that help reduce perpetrators' hostility and anxiety symptoms, and should also be aimed at modifying attitudes that justify perpetration behaviors and contribute to harmful interactions with their friends or to intimate partner violent dynamics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.983881","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T04:48:20Z","timestamp":1664426900000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Psychopathological aspects of sexting and IBSA perpetrators: A brief research report"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Aina M.","family":"Gass\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos G.","family":"Forero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Piqueras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esperanza L.","family":"G\u00f3mez-Dur\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-012-0038-0","article-title":"Sexting: Research criteria of a globalized social phenomenon","volume":"41","author":"Agustina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.5817\/CP2014-1-9","article-title":"Consensual sexting among adolescents: Risk prevention through abstinence education or safer sexting","volume":"8","author":"D\u00f6ring","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2014.10.004","article-title":"Brief report: The association between adolescents' characteristics and engagement in sexting","volume":"37","author":"Van Ouytsel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Adolesc."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.7238\/idp.v0i22.2970","article-title":"Factores de riesgo asociados al sexting como umbral de diversas formas de victimizaci\u00f3n. Estudio de factores correlacionados con el sexting en una muestra universitaria IDP","volume":"22","author":"Agustina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Internet, Derecho Pol"},{"key":"B5","unstructured":"WolakJ\n            FinkelhorD\n          Sexting: A typology. Crimes against Children Research Center.2011"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.10.007","article-title":"Sexting prevalence and correlates: A systematic literature review","volume":"34","author":"Klettke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/0735648X.2011.641816","article-title":"The unintended consequences of digital technology: Exploring the relationship between sexting and cybervictimization","volume":"36","author":"Reyns","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Crime Justice."},{"key":"B8","unstructured":"Coerced sexting and revenge porn among teens1921\n            EnglanderE\n          Bully Teen Aggression Soc Media.12015"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s13178-015-0186-9","article-title":"Prevalence and association of sexting and online sexual victimization among Spanish adults","volume":"12","author":"G\u00e1mez-Guadix","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sexual Res Soc Policy."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.04.001","article-title":"Sexting: A new digital vehicle for intimate partner aggression?","volume":"50","author":"Drouin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav."},{"key":"B11","unstructured":"Image-based sexual abuse: Victims and perpetrators119\n            HenryN\n            FlynnA\n            PowellA\n          Trends Issues Crime Crim Justice.5722019"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17031018","article-title":"Sexting, online sexual victimization, and psychopathology correlates by sex: Depression, anxiety, and global psychopathology","volume":"17","author":"Gass\u00f3","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1093\/ojls\/gqw033","article-title":"Image-based sexual abuse","volume":"37","author":"McGlynn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxf J Leg Stud."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.495777","article-title":"Revenge porn victimization of college students in the United States: An exploratory analysis","volume":"11","author":"Branch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Cyber Criminol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1071\/SH15240","article-title":"Sexting among singles in the USA: Prevalence of sending, receiving, and sharing sexual messages and images","volume":"13","author":"Garcia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sex Health."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.11.009","article-title":"Image-based sexual abuse: The extent, nature, and predictors of perpetration in a community sample of Australian residents","volume":"92","author":"Powell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600.2021.1894493","article-title":"Mental health correlates of sexting coercion perpetration and victimisation in university students by gender","volume":"27","author":"Gass\u00f3","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Sexual Aggr."},{"key":"B18","volume-title":"Cuestionario de victimizaci\u00f3n juvenil mediante internet y\/o tel\u00e9fono m\u00f3vil [Juvenile Online Victimization Questionnaire, JOV-Q] Patent number 09\/2011\/1982","author":"Montiel","year":"2012"},{"key":"B19","volume-title":"Victimizaci\u00f3n juvenil sexual online: incidencia, caracter\u00edsticas, gravedad y co-ocurrencia con otras formas de victimizaci\u00f3n electr\u00f3nica","author":"Montiel","year":"2014"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clysa.2014.06.001","article-title":"La medici\u00f3n de s\u00edntomas psicol\u00f3gicos y psicosom\u00e1ticos: el Listado de S\u00edntomas Breve (LSB-50)","volume":"25","author":"Abu\u00edn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cl"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws412","article-title":"The Table 2 Fallacy: Presenting and Interpreting Confounder and Modifier Coefficients","volume":"177","author":"Westreich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.remle.2021.02.003","article-title":"Psychopathological profile of sexting coercion perpetrators","volume":"47","author":"Gass\u00f3","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spanish J Legal Med."},{"key":"B23","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9nLK\n            Muth\u00e9nBO\n          Los Angeles, CAMuth\u00e9n Muth\u00e9n.Mplus User's Guide. Eighth Edition"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1037\/vio0000233","article-title":"Nonconsensual pornography among US adults: a sexual scripts framework on victimization, perpetration, and health correlates for women and men","volume":"10","author":"Ruvalcaba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Violence."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/19325037.2014.901113","article-title":"Behavioral indicators and behaviors related to sexting among undergraduate students","volume":"45","author":"Hudson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Health Educ."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1071\/SH19201","article-title":"Non-consensual sexting: Characteristics and motives of youths who share received-intimate content without consent","volume":"17","author":"Barrense-Dias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sex Health."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106460","article-title":"Sharing is not always caring: Understanding motivations and behavioural associations with sext dissemination","volume":"112","author":"Clancy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605211072266","article-title":"Perpetration of image-based sexual abuse: extent, nature and correlates in a multi-country sample","author":"Powell","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18042058","article-title":"Cross-cultural differences in sexting practices between American and Spanish university students","volume":"18","author":"Gass\u00f3","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.11.023","article-title":"The dark side of sexting\u2013Factors predicting the dissemination of sexts","volume":"92","author":"Clancy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2760","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052760","article-title":"Multiple Forms of Sexting and Associations with Psychosocial Health in Early Adolescents","volume":"18","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1108\/JACPR-03-2019-0408","article-title":"Attributions of victim responsibility in revenge pornography","volume":"11","author":"Gavin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Aggr. Conflict Peace Res"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1080\/08164649.2018.1542592","article-title":"From non-consensual pornography to image-based sexual abuse: Charting the course of a problem with many names","volume":"33","author":"Maddocks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Austral Feminist Stud."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605211043586","article-title":"Personality, attitudinal, and demographic predictors of non-consensual dissemination of intimate images","author":"Karasavva","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"NP9078","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519853414","article-title":"Nonconsensual sharing of private sexually explicit media among university students","volume":"36","author":"Walker","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Interpers Viol."},{"key":"B36","volume-title":"Abuso sexual en la infancia: victimas y agresores","author":"Echebur\u00faa","year":"2009"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.983881\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T04:48:27Z","timestamp":1664426907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.983881\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.983881"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.983881","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"article-number":"983881"}}