{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:49:08Z","timestamp":1785458948323,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Delirium, an acute brain dysfunction, is a common and serious complication in burn patients. The occurrence of delirium increases the difficulty of patient treatment, is associated with various adverse outcomes, and increases the burden on the patient\u2019s family. Many scholars have studied the factors that cause delirium, but the causes, pathogenesis, and treatment of delirium in burn patients have not been fully revealed. There is no effective pharmacological treatment for delirium, but active preventive measures can effectively reduce the incidence of delirium in burn patients. Therefore, it is necessary to study the relevant factors affecting the occurrence of delirium in burn patients. This study was conducted on December 20, 2021 by searching the PubMed database for a narrative review of published studies. The search strategy included keywords related to \u201cburns,\u201d \u201cdelirium,\u201d and \u201crisk factors.\u201d We reviewed the characteristics of delirium occurrence in burn patients and various delirium assessment tools, and summarized the risk factors for the development of delirium in burn patients in terms of personal, clinical, and environmental factors, and we found that although many risk factors act on the development of delirium in burn patients, some of them, such as clinical and environmental factors, are modifiable, suggesting that we can estimate the exposure of burn patients to risk factors by assessing their likelihood of delirium occurring and to make targeted interventions that provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of burn delirium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.989218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T05:37:45Z","timestamp":1667367465000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Research progress on risk factors of delirium in burn patients: A narrative review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yujie","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinhua","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenqiang","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13887-2","article-title":"The epidemiological characteristic and trends of burns globally.","volume":"22","author":"Yakupu","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000000896","article-title":"History and advancement of burn treatments.","volume":"78","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2017.09.018","article-title":"Burn injury: Challenges and advances in burn wound healing, infection, pain and scarring.","volume":"123","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2010.04.004","article-title":"Mental disorders among acute burn patients.","volume":"36","author":"Palmu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Burns."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.12067","article-title":"Delirium in older persons: Advances in diagnosis and treatment.","volume":"318","author":"Oh","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1710572","article-title":"Prevention and manage-ment of delirium in the intensive care unit.","volume":"42","author":"Mart","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.15.3.363","article-title":"The relation between the clinical subtypes of delirium and the urinary level of 6-SMT.","volume":"15","author":"Balan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4823","article-title":"Delirium pathophysiology: An updated hypothesis of the etiology of acute brain failure.","volume":"33","author":"Maldonado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1988.01800340065009","article-title":"A prospective study of delirium and prolonged hospital stay. Exploratory study.","volume":"45","author":"Thomas","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.28014","article-title":"Incremental cost and length of stay associated with postprocedure delirium in transcatheter and surgical aortic valve replacement patients in the United States.","volume":"93","author":"Potter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Catheter Cardiovasc Interv."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.14.1753","article-title":"Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit.","volume":"291","author":"Ely","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1093\/jbcr\/irz161","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for delirium in elderly patients with severe burns: A retrospective cohort study.","volume":"41","author":"van Yperen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Burn Care Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regg.2011.03.005","article-title":"[Hospital costs associated with delirium in older medical patients].","volume":"47","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez Tugas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev Espanola Geriatr Gerontol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-019-0638-6","article-title":"Influence of hospital adverse events and previous diagnoses on hospital care cost of patients with hip fracture.","volume":"14","author":"Cuesta-Peredo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Osteoporos."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.2707","article-title":"Effect of dexmedetomidine added to standard care on ventilator-free time in patients with agitated delirium: A randomized clinical trial.","volume":"315","author":"Reade","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-1859","article-title":"Antipsychotics for preventing delirium in hospitalized adults a systematic review.","volume":"171","author":"Oh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005563.pub3","article-title":"Interventions for pre-venting deliriumin hospitalised non-ICU patients.","volume":"3","author":"Siddiqi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55080491","article-title":"The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) 157: Guidelines on Risk Reduction and Management of Delirium.","volume":"55","author":"Soiza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicina (Mex)."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1017\/S1121189X00002918","article-title":"Comparison of systematic and narrative reviews: the example of the atypical antipsychotics.","volume":"12","author":"Cipriani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2020.02.013","article-title":"Development of delirium: Association with old age, severe burns, and intensive care.","volume":"46","author":"Abdelrahman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Burns J Int Soc Burn Inj."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2190\/FATV-K0DW-12M7-J9BH","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric Complications in Burn Patients.","volume":"5","author":"Andreasen","year":"1974","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Med."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1097\/BCR.0b013e3181eebee9","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors for Development of Delirium in Burn Intensive Care Unit Patients.","volume":"31","author":"Agarwal","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Burn Care Res."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2017.03.002","article-title":"A Retrospective analysis of neurocognitive impairment in older patients with burn injuries.","volume":"58","author":"Holmes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychosomatics."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.4103\/lungindia.lungindia_416_14","article-title":"Symptom profile as assessed on delirium rating scale-revised-98 of delirium in respiratory intensive care unit: A study from India.","volume":"34","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lung India."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2017.05.003","article-title":"Clinical features associated with delirium motor subtypes in older inpatients: Results of a multicenter study.","volume":"25","author":"Morandi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2201-9","article-title":"Between being healthy and becoming comatose: the neuropsychiatric landscape of critical illness with a focus on delirium, DSM-5 and ICD-11.","volume":"19","author":"Schieveld","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1159\/000071004","article-title":"The impact of different diagnostic criteria on prevalence rates for delirium.","volume":"16","author":"Laurila","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0141-2","article-title":"The DSM-5 criteria, level of arousal and delirium diagnosis: inclusiveness is safer.","volume":"12","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.13397","article-title":"Dexme-detomidine for the reduction of emergence delirium in children undergoing tonsillectomy with propofol anesthesia: A double-blind, randomized study.","volume":"28","author":"Tsiotou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Anesth."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4711","article-title":"The neuropsychology of delirium: advancing the science of delirium assessment.","volume":"33","author":"Tieges","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4441","article-title":"Psy-chometric properties and feasibility of instruments for the detection of delirium in older hos-pitalized patients: a systematic review: Review of delirium scales for hospitalized elderly.","volume":"31","author":"van Velthuijsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnv100","article-title":"Delirium Screening: A systematic review of delirium screening tools in hos-pitalized patients.","volume":"55","author":"De","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gerontologist."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-8343(94)90115-5","article-title":"A review of delirium assessment instruments.","volume":"16","author":"Trzepacz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-113-12-941","article-title":"Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment method: A new method for de-tection of delirium.","volume":"113","author":"Inouye","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200107000-00012","article-title":"Evaluation of delirium in critically ill patients: Validation of the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU).","volume":"29","author":"Ely","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340100909","article-title":"Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist: evaluation of a new screening tool.","volume":"27","author":"Bergeron","year":"2001","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2004.07.009","article-title":"Fast, systematic, and continuous delirium assessment in hospitalized patients: The nursing delirium screening scale.","volume":"29","author":"Gaudreau","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1093\/jbcr\/irz153","article-title":"Use of tailored feedback improves accuracy of delirium documen-tation in the Burn ICU: Results of a Performance Improvement initiative.","volume":"41","author":"Gloger","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Burn Care Res."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2021.110530","article-title":"Biomarkers in delirium: A systematic review.","volume":"147","author":"Dunne","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(93)90382-n","article-title":"Serial quantitative EEG among elderly sub-jects with delirium.","volume":"34","author":"Jacobson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00170","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of preoperative CSF reveals risk biomarkers of postoperative delirium.","volume":"11","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.03.2098","article-title":"Higher C-reactive protein levels predict postoperative delirium in older patients undergoing major elective surgery: A longitudinal nested case-control study.","volume":"81","author":"Dillon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.729421","article-title":"Neutrophil-Lymphocyte ratio as a potential biomarker for delirium in the intensive care unit.","volume":"12","author":"Seo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14748","article-title":"Advancing the neurophysiological understanding of delirium.","volume":"65","author":"Shafi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06106-w","article-title":"Current status of delirium assessment tools in the intensive care unit: a pro-spective multicenter observational survey.","volume":"12","author":"Ishii","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.5507\/bp.2017.004","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for delirium development in ICU patients - a prospective observational study.","volume":"161","author":"Kanova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czechoslov."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000001074","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of postoperative delirium in patients admitted to the ICU after elec-tive intracranial surgery: A prospective cohort study.","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600462","article-title":"Aging effects on cerebral blood and cerebrospinal fluid flows.","volume":"27","author":"Stoquart-ElSankari","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/s1568-1637(02)00064-8","article-title":"Microvascular plasticity in aging.","volume":"2","author":"Riddle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.11.024","article-title":"Brain tissue volumes in the general population of the elderly: the AGES-Reykjavik study.","volume":"59","author":"Sigurdsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.01.077","article-title":"Effects of aging on functional and structural brain connectivity.","volume":"160","author":"Damoiseaux","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/61.12.1307","article-title":"Does educational attain-ment contribute to risk for delirium? A potential role for cognitive reserve.","volume":"61","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1097\/JTN.0000000000000298","article-title":"Delirium in the ICU: What About the Floor?","volume":"24","author":"Cahill","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Trauma Nurs."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-018-0481-0","article-title":"Hyper-tension, mitral valve disease, atrial fibrillation and low education level predict delirium and worst outcome after cardiac surgery in older adults.","volume":"18","author":"Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-271659\/v1","article-title":"Development of an early prediction model for postoperative delirium in neurosurgi-cal patients admitted to the ICU after Elective Craniotomy (E-PREPOD-NS): A secondary anal-ysis of a prospective cohort study.","volume":"90","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1009-2587.2017.09.003","article-title":"[Multicenter epidemiological investigation of hospitalized elderly, young and middle-aged patients with severe burn].","volume":"33","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi Zhonghua Shaoshang Zazhi Chin J Burns."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20130597","article-title":"Chronic stress, cortisol dysfunction, and pain: A psychoneuroendo-crine rationale for stress management in pain rehabilitation.","volume":"94","author":"Hannibal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys Ther."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-019-0694-x","article-title":"Postoperative delirium in critically ill surgical patients: incidence, risk factors, and predictive scores.","volume":"19","author":"Chaiwat","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182783b72","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit.","volume":"41","author":"Barr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-006-0399-8","article-title":"Incidence, risk factors and consequences of ICU delirium.","volume":"33","author":"Ouimet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BCR.0000144540.21272.2C","article-title":"The use of haloperidol and associated complications in the agitated, acutely Ill pediatric burn patient.","volume":"25","author":"Ratcliff","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Burn Care Rehabil."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2014.05.002","article-title":"A meta-analysis of critically ill patients reveals several potential risk factors for delirium.","volume":"36","author":"Huai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-021-02467-3","article-title":"Burden and correlates of cognitive impairment among hypertensive pa-tients in Tanzania: a cross-sectional study.","volume":"21","author":"Pallangyo","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"B64","first-page":"1137","article-title":"Molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating vascular function and structure\u2013implications in the pathogenesis of hypertension.","volume":"16","author":"Touyz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00223-4","article-title":"Delirium.","volume":"6","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primer."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.13656","article-title":"Cognitive function and brain structure in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus after intensive lowering of blood pressure and lipid levels: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"174","author":"Williamson","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2015.10.023","article-title":"Dementia: A risk factor for burns in the elderly.","volume":"42","author":"Harvey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Burns."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.1998.00047.x","article-title":"Delirium risk factors in elderly hospitalized patients.","volume":"13","author":"Elie","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.13.1406","article-title":"Risk factors for delirium at discharge: development and validation of a predictive model.","volume":"167","author":"Inouye","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00101-5","article-title":"The interface between delirium and dementia in elderly adults.","volume":"14","author":"Fong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afaa244","article-title":"Recurrent delirium over 12 months predicts dementia: results of the Delirium and Cognitive Impact in Dementia (DECIDE) study.","volume":"50","author":"Richardson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Age Ageing."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2809","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws190","article-title":"Delirium is a strong risk factor for dementia in the oldest-old: a population-based cohort study.","volume":"135","author":"Davis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain J Neurol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1159\/000494754","article-title":"Neurofilament light in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of hip fracture patients with delirium.","volume":"46","author":"Halaas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz354","article-title":"Postoperative delirium is associated with increased plasma neurofilament light.","volume":"143","author":"Casey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain J Neurol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.06.027","article-title":"Downregulation of synapse-associated protein expression and loss of homeostatic microglial control in cerebrospinal fluid of infectious patients with delirium and patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"89","author":"Peters van Ton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-302883","article-title":"Persistent cognitive impairment, hippocampal atrophy and EEG changes in sepsis survivors.","volume":"84","author":"Semmler","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOSGlobal-D-21-00188","article-title":"Associations of smoking with delirium and opioid use in older adults with traumatic hip fracture.","volume":"6","author":"Salottolo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5492\/wjccm.v5.i1.27","article-title":"Alcoholism and critical illness: A review.","volume":"5","author":"Mehta","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716652401","article-title":"Smoking Cessation and the Risk of Hyperactive Delirium in Hospital-ized Patients: A retrospective study.","volume":"61","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry Rev Can Psychiatr."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-4124-6","article-title":"Effects of cigarette smoking and alcohol use on neurocognition and BDNF levels in a Chinese population.","volume":"233","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2014.915743","article-title":"Newly identified precipitating factors in mechanical ventilation-induced brain damage: implications for treating ICU delirium.","volume":"14","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-L\u00f3pez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother."},{"key":"B82","first-page":"135","article-title":"Analgesia, sedation and arousal status in burn patients: the gap between recommendations and current practices.","volume":"30","author":"Lavrentieva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Burns Fire Disasters."},{"key":"B83","first-page":"97","article-title":"Management of pain, anxiety, agitation and delirium in burn patients: a survey of clinical practice and a review of the current literature.","volume":"31","author":"Depetris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Burns Fire Disasters."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318192fcf9","article-title":"Benzodiazepine and opioid use and the duration of intensive care unit delirium in an older population*.","volume":"37","author":"Pisani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0913008107","article-title":"Breakdown in cortical effective connectivity during midazolam-induced loss of consciousness.","volume":"107","author":"Ferrarelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340101017","article-title":"Delirium in an intensive care unit: a study of risk factors.","volume":"27","author":"Dubois","year":"2001","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq140","article-title":"Which medications to avoid in people at risk of delirium: a systematic re-view.","volume":"40","author":"Clegg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Age Ageing."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31814b2c4d","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for development of delirium in surgical and trauma intensive care unit patients.","volume":"65","author":"Pandharipande","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000199156.59226.af","article-title":"Postoperative delirium: The importance of pain and pain management.","volume":"102","author":"Vaurio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesth Analg."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.153\/SCNP00500149","article-title":"Serum anticholinergic activity levels and delirium in the elderly.","volume":"5","author":"Tune","year":"2000","journal-title":"Semin Clin Neuropsy-chiatry."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.1998.00393.x","article-title":"Scopolamine model of dementia: electroencephalogram findings and cogni-tive performance.","volume":"28","author":"Ebert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.4055\/cios.2019.11.3.297","article-title":"Etiology and related factors of postoperative delirium in orthopedic surgery.","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Surg."},{"key":"B93","first-page":"76","article-title":"Postoperative mental confusion\u2013association with postoperative hy-poxemia.","volume":"114","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Surgery."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200601000-00005","article-title":"Lorazepam is an independent risk factor for transition-ing to delirium in intensive care unit patients.","volume":"104","author":"Pandharipande","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-21-1267","article-title":"A narrative review of changes in microvascular permeability after burn.","volume":"9","author":"Chi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s40140-014-0085-2","article-title":"Blood transfusion and postoperative delirium.","volume":"5","author":"Whitlock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Anesthesiol Rep."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000001675","article-title":"Association between transfusion of RBCs and subsequent development of delirium in Critically Ill Children*.","volume":"19","author":"Nellis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-019-01319-y","article-title":"Risk factors for postoperative delirium after spinal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"32","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)00006-6","article-title":"Effect of preoperative pain and depressive symptoms on the risk of postoperative delirium: a prospective cohort study.","volume":"1","author":"Kosar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-019-02067-z","article-title":"Sleep and pain: recent insights, mechanisms, and future directions in the investigation of this relation-ship.","volume":"127","author":"Herrero Babiloni","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neural Transm."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2005.12.048","article-title":"Pathophysiological factors underlying heatstroke.","volume":"67","author":"Yan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.5505\/tjtes.2014.49033","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders and their association with burn-related factors in children with burn injury.","volume":"20","author":"Kara\u00e7etin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1976.tb01540.x","article-title":"Impaired synthesis of acetylcholine in brain accompanying mild hypoxia and hypoglycemia.","volume":"27","author":"Gibson","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Neurochem."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.23736\/S0375-9393.19.13748-0","article-title":"Intraoperative hyperglycemia increases the incidence of postoperative delirium.","volume":"85","author":"Windmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60553-5","article-title":"Stress hyperglycaemia.","volume":"373","author":"Km","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl."},{"key":"B106","first-page":"377","article-title":"[Psychiatric issues during and after intensive care (ICU) stays].","volume":"195","author":"Pochard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull Acad Natl Med."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.13943","article-title":"Risk factors for the incidence of delirium in cerebrovascular patients in a Neurosurgery In-tensive Care Unit: A prospective study.","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.570362","article-title":"Perioperative sleep disturbances and postoperative delirium in adult patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002250","article-title":"Delirium in critically Ill Children: An international point prevalence study.","volume":"45","author":"Traube","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000356","article-title":"Pediatric delirium and associated risk factors: A single-center prospective observational study*.","volume":"16","author":"Silver","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002324","article-title":"Delirium and mortality in critically Ill children: Epidemiology and outcomes of pediatric delirium*.","volume":"45","author":"Traube","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019223","article-title":"Systematic review of prediction models for delirium in the older adult inpatient.","volume":"8","author":"Lindroth","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0578-1426.2019.02.007","article-title":"[Ex-perts consensus on the management of delirium in critically ill patients].","volume":"58","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2010.06.005","article-title":"Preventing falls and fall-related injuries in hospitals.","volume":"26","author":"Oliver","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Geriatr Med."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010418-102803","article-title":"How to do a systematic review: A best practice guide for conducting and reporting narrative reviews, meta-analyses, and meta-syntheses.","volume":"70","author":"Siddaway","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-106-3-485","article-title":"The medical review article: State of the Science.","volume":"106","author":"Mulrow","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"B117","first-page":"334","article-title":"Of mites and men: reference bias in narrative review articles: a sys-tematic review.","volume":"54","author":"Schmidt","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Fam Pract."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.989218\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T05:37:58Z","timestamp":1667367478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.989218\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"references-count":117,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.989218"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.989218","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"article-number":"989218"}}