{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T06:07:28Z","timestamp":1793340448236,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003042","name":"Else Kr\u00f6ner-Fresenius-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003042","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011102","name":"Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Child sexual abuse (CSA) has become a focal point for lawmakers, law enforcement, and mental health professionals. With high prevalence rates around the world and far-reaching, often chronic, individual, and societal implications, CSA and its leading risk factor, pedophilia, have been well investigated. This has led to a wide range of clinical tools and actuarial instruments for diagnosis and risk assessment regarding CSA. However, the neurobiological underpinnings of pedosexual behavior, specifically regarding hands-on pedophilic offenders (PO), remain elusive. Such biomarkers for PO individuals could potentially improve the early detection of high-risk PO individuals and enhance efforts to prevent future CSA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To use machine learning and MRI data to identify PO individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From a single-center male cohort of 14 PO individuals and 15 matched healthy control (HC) individuals, we acquired diffusion tensor imaging data (anisotropy, diffusivity, and fiber tracking) in literature-based regions of interest (prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, and corpus callosum). We trained a linear support vector machine to discriminate between PO and HC individuals using these WM microstructure data.\n                      <jats:italic>Post hoc<\/jats:italic>\n                      , we investigated the PO model decision scores with respect to sociodemographic (age, education, and IQ) and forensic characteristics (psychopathy, sexual deviance, and future risk of sexual violence) in the PO subpopulation. We assessed model specificity in an external cohort of 53 HC individuals.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The classifier discriminated PO from HC individuals with a balanced accuracy of 75.5% (sensitivity = 64.3%, specificity = 86.7%,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>5000<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 0.018) and an out-of-sample specificity to correctly identify HC individuals of 94.3%. The predictive brain pattern contained bilateral fractional anisotropy in the anterior cingulate cortex, diffusivity in the left amygdala, and structural prefrontal cortex-amygdala connectivity in both hemispheres. This brain pattern was associated with the number of previous child victims, the current stance on sexuality, and the professionally assessed risk of future sexual violent reoffending.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Aberrant white matter microstructure in the prefronto-temporo-limbic circuit could be a potential neurobiological correlate for PO individuals at high-risk of reoffending with CSA. Although preliminary and exploratory at this point, our findings highlight the general potential of MRI-based biomarkers and particularly WM microstructure patterns for future CSA risk assessment and preventive efforts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1001085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T10:26:17Z","timestamp":1681986377000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Patterns of risk\u2014Using machine learning and structural neuroimaging to identify pedophilic offenders"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Popovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Wertz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolin","family":"Geisler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joern","family":"Kaufmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markku","family":"L\u00e4hteenvuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Lieslehto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Witzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Bogerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Falkai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Koutsouleris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kolja","family":"Schiltz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","author":"Leeb","year":"2008","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment Surveillance: Uniform Definitions for Public Health and Recommended Data Elements."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.02.007","article-title":"The prevalence of child sexual abuse in community and student samples: a meta-analysis.","volume":"29","author":"Pereda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2018.1541872","article-title":"Primary and secondary prevention of child sexual abuse.","volume":"31","author":"Knack","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"p. 77","DOI":"10.1017\/cbo9780511777042.010","author":"Felitti","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Relationship of Adverse Childhood Experiences to Adult Medical Disease, Psychiatric Disorders and Sexual Behavior: Implications for Healthcare."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.02.020","article-title":"The economic burden of child sexual abuse in the United States.","volume":"79","author":"Letourneau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Abuse Neglect."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-05858-6","author":"Lonne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Re-Visioning Public Health Approaches for Protecting Children."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105005","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of individuals with sexual interest in children: a systematic review.","volume":"115","author":"Savoie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1037\/h0093925","article-title":"Online solicitation offenders are different from child pornography offenders and lower risk contact sexual offenders.","volume":"36","author":"Seto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Law Hum Behav."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-020-1132-y","article-title":"Child pornography and online sexual solicitation.","volume":"22","author":"Gottfried","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00940","article-title":"Are there any biomarkers for pedophilia and sexual child abuse? 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