{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T13:30:24Z","timestamp":1774099824798,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01DA022321-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01DA022321-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Policies to legalize possession and use of marijuana have been increasingly supported across the United States. Although there are restrictions on use in minors, many substance abuse scientists anticipate that these policy changes may alter use patterns among adolescents due to its wider availability and a softening of beliefs about its potentially harmful consequences. Despite the possibility that these policies may increase the prevalence of use among adolescents, the effects of marijuana on neurodevelopment remain unclear, clouding arguments in favor of or opposition to these policies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present prospective, longitudinal study was designed to isolate the neurodevelopmental consequences of marijuana use from its precursors during adolescence\u2014a period of heightened vulnerability for both substance use and disrupted development due to environmental insults. Early adolescents who were substance-na\u00efve at baseline (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009529, aged 10\u201312) were recruited and tracked into adolescence when a subgroup initiated marijuana use during one of three subsequent waves of data collection, approximately 18\u2009months apart.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results suggest that marijuana use may be specifically related to a decline in verbal learning ability in the short term and in emotion recognition, attention, and inhibition in the longer-term.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These preliminary findings suggest that marijuana use has potential to adversely impact vulnerable neurodevelopmental processes during adolescence. Intensive additional investigation is recommended given that state-level policies regulating marijuana use and possession are rapidly shifting in the absence of good scientific information.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1048791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T04:38:00Z","timestamp":1684125480000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Prospective, longitudinal study to isolate the impacts of marijuana use on neurocognitive functioning in adolescents"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wen","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Fishbein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.330.7486.301","article-title":"Adolescent development","volume":"330","author":"Christie","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20445","article-title":"A dual systems model of adolescent risk-taking","volume":"52","author":"Steinberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2007.08.002","article-title":"A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking","volume":"28","author":"Steinberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev Rev"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721412471347","article-title":"Peer influences on adolescent decision making: peer influences on adolescent decision making","volume":"22","author":"Albert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-201012000-00005","article-title":"Neurobiology of the adolescent brain and behavior: implications for substance use disorders","volume":"49","author":"Casey","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2016.1165239","article-title":"Current patterns of marijuana use initiation by age among US adolescents and emerging adults: implications for intervention","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"ref7","author":"Miech","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref8","author":"Johnston","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref9","author":"Patrick","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2008.01.015","article-title":"The role of risk and protective factors in substance use across adolescence","volume":"43","author":"Cleveland","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2021.11.034","article-title":"A systematic review and narrative synthesis of the evolution of adolescent and young adult Cannabis consumption before and after legalization","volume":"70","author":"Lachance","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.10.002","article-title":"The conception of the ABCD study: from substance use to a broad NIH collaboration","volume":"32","author":"Volkow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2012.05.006","article-title":"Adolescent neurodevelopment","volume":"52","author":"Spear","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1572","article-title":"Cannabis and the developing brain: what does the evidence say?","volume":"111","author":"Jacobus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2005.10.003","article-title":"Pubertal hormones organize the adolescent brain and behavior","volume":"26","author":"Sisk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3527","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1620928114","article-title":"Patterns of coordinated cortical remodeling during adolescence and their associations with functional specialization and evolutionary expansion","volume":"114","author":"Sotiras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare5040062","article-title":"Adolescent neurological development and implications for health and well-being","volume":"5","author":"Griffin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1402309","article-title":"Adverse health effects of marijuana use","volume":"370","author":"Volkow","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881107078309","article-title":"Substance use and the adolescent brain: a toxic combination?","volume":"21","author":"Lubman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"21","article-title":"Adolescent brain development and drugs","volume":"18","author":"Winters","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prev Res"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/155005940904000110","article-title":"The influence of substance use on adolescent brain development","volume":"40","author":"Squeglia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin EEG Neurosci"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-010-9146-6","article-title":"Adolescent brain development and the risk for alcohol and other drug problems","volume":"20","author":"Bava","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S39776","article-title":"Maturation of the adolescent brain","volume":"9","author":"Sharma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2013.04.004","article-title":"How environment and genes shape the adolescent brain","volume":"64","author":"Paus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203479506","volume-title":"Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Potential","author":"Russo","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2015.07.004","article-title":"Impact of cannabis use on prefrontal and parietal cortex gyrification and surface area in adolescents and emerging adults","volume":"16","author":"Shollenbarger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e710","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2015.201","article-title":"Hippocampal harms, protection and recovery following regular cannabis use","volume":"6","author":"Y\u00fccel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473710801010099","article-title":"The influence of marijuana use on neurocognitive functioning in adolescents","volume":"1","author":"Schweinsburg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Drug Abuse Rev"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.06.019","article-title":"Altered affective response in marijuana smokers: an FMRI study","volume":"105","author":"Gruber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1037\/pha0000030","article-title":"Marijuana\u2019s acute effects on cognitive bias for affective and marijuana cues","volume":"23","author":"Metrik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881109106909","article-title":"Does cannabis use affect prospective memory in young adults?","volume":"24","author":"Bartholomew","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617717000789","article-title":"Does cannabis use cause declines in neuropsychological functioning? A review of longitudinal studies","volume":"23","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.110.077479","article-title":"Cannabis use before age 15 and subsequent executive functioning","volume":"198","author":"Fontes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2015.03.003","article-title":"The impact of initiation: early onset marijuana smokers demonstrate altered Stroop performance and brain activation","volume":"16","author":"Sagar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2010.06.012","article-title":"Longitudinal study of cognition among adolescent marijuana users over three weeks of abstinence","volume":"35","author":"Hanson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000281","article-title":"Early onset marijuana use is associated with learning inefficiencies","volume":"30","author":"Schuster","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530310027028","article-title":"The residual cognitive effects of heavy marijuana use in college students","volume":"275","author":"Pope","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.0335","article-title":"Association of cannabis with cognitive functioning in adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Scott","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0b013e31820c23fa","article-title":"An evidence based review of acute and long-term effects of cannabis use on executive cognitive functions","volume":"5","author":"Crean","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00386","article-title":"A bidirectional relationship between executive function and health behavior: evidence, implications, and future directions","volume":"10","author":"Allan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02456.x","article-title":"Pathways to cannabis abuse: a multi-stage model from cannabis availability, cannabis initiation and progression to abuse","volume":"104","author":"Gillespie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02831.x","article-title":"Genetic and environmental influences on cannabis use initiation and problematic use: a meta-analysis of twin studies","volume":"105","author":"Verweij","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2006.10.003","article-title":"Effects of frequent cannabis use on hippocampal activity during an associative memory task","volume":"17","author":"Jager","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2016.77.431","article-title":"Neurocognitive characteristics of early marijuana use initiation in adolescents: a signature mapping analysis","volume":"77","author":"Fishbein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1177\/002204260103100401","article-title":"Current methods of assessing substance use: a review of strengths, problems, and developments","volume":"31","author":"Richter","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Drug Issues"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050892","article-title":"Specific attentional dysfunction in adults following early start of cannabis use","volume":"142","author":"Ehrenreich","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref47","volume-title":"Clinical Applications of Continuous Performance Tests: Measuring Attention and Impulsive Responding in Children and Adults","author":"Riccio","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref48","volume-title":"Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test: A Handbook","author":"Schmidt","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1037\/h0033740","article-title":"Altered motor control in chronic alcoholics","volume":"80","author":"Parsons","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(94)90018-3","article-title":"Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex","volume":"50","author":"Bechara","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5304.1293","article-title":"Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy","volume":"275","author":"Bechara","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.04.009","article-title":"Long-term heavy marijuana users make costly decisions on a gambling task","volume":"76","author":"Whitlow","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.1.33","article-title":"Decision making in adolescents with behavior disorders and adults with substance abuse","volume":"160","author":"Ernst","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.09.033","article-title":"Neurobiology of decision-making in adolescents","volume":"217","author":"Shad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.120.1.3","article-title":"The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology","volume":"120","author":"Williams","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"ref56","volume-title":"Unmasking the Face: A Guide to Recognizing Emotions From Facial. Vol. 10.","author":"Ekman","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2008.05.006","article-title":"The NimStim set of facial expressions: judgments from untrained research participants","volume":"168","author":"Tottenham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.390","article-title":"Administration and interpretation of the trail making test","volume":"1","author":"Bowie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"ref59","volume-title":"Neuropsychological Assessment","author":"Lezak","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-2909.115.3.475","article-title":"Applications of standard error estimates in unrestricted factor analysis: significance tests for factor loadings and correlations","volume":"115","author":"Cudeck","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.03.011","article-title":"Measuring addiction propensity and severity: the need for a new instrument","volume":"111","author":"Conway","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.042","article-title":"The widening gender gap in marijuana use prevalence in the U.S. during a period of economic change, 2002\u20132014","volume":"170","author":"Carliner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2006.03.024","article-title":"Coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA) study. Marijuana use, diet, body mass index, and cardiovascular risk factors (from the CARDIA study)","volume":"98","author":"Rodondi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-5-19","article-title":"Are adolescents with high socioeconomic status more likely to engage in alcohol and illicit drug use in early adulthood?","volume":"5","author":"Humensky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2012.73.772","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and substance use among young adults: a comparison across constructs and drugs","volume":"73","author":"Patrick","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v045.i03","article-title":"Multivariate imputation by chained equations in R","volume":"45","author":"van Buuren","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4067","article-title":"Multiple imputation using chained equations: issues and guidance for practice","volume":"30","author":"White","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2009.00918.x","article-title":"Executive functions in adolescence: inferences from brain and behavior: executive functions in adolescence","volume":"12","author":"Crone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev Sci"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617721000631","article-title":"Initiation of moderately frequent cannabis use in adolescence and young adulthood is associated with declines in verbal learning and memory: a longitudinal comparison of pre- versus post-initiation cognitive performance","volume":"27","author":"Ajmera","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/15248371003699969","article-title":"Twelve frequently asked questions about growth curve modeling","volume":"11","author":"Curran","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cogn Dev"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.invent.2015.02.003","article-title":"Modeling individual differences in randomized experiments using growth models: recommendations for design, statistical analysis and reporting of results of internet interventions","volume":"2","author":"Hesser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Internet Interv"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.10.014","article-title":"Decision-making and facial emotion recognition as predictors of substance-use initiation among adolescents","volume":"35","author":"Ernst","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-019-01636-w","article-title":"Facial emotion recognition in maltreated children: a systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Assed","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559515620853","article-title":"Characteristics of child maltreatment and adolescent marijuana use: a prospective study: a prospective study","volume":"21","author":"Dubowitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Maltreat"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0704","article-title":"Behavioral predictors of substance-use initiation in adolescents with and without attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"117","author":"Ernst","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21936","article-title":"Emotion processing associated with aggression in early adolescents: a focus on affective theory of mind","volume":"47","author":"Clifford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aggress Behav"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026269","article-title":"Age of onset of marijuana use and executive function","volume":"26","author":"Gruber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2020.81.164","article-title":"Long-term effects of early adolescent marijuana use on attentional and inhibitory control","volume":"81","author":"Paige","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20442","article-title":"Adolescent risk taking, impulsivity, and brain development: implications for prevention","volume":"52","author":"Romer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2007.11.003","article-title":"Impulsivity as a vulnerability marker for substance-use disorders: review of findings from high-risk research, problem gamblers and genetic association studies","volume":"32","author":"Verdejo-Garc\u00eda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2014.11.008","article-title":"Facial emotion recognition deficits in abstinent cannabis dependent patients","volume":"58","author":"Bayrak\u00e7\u0131","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-017-1068-x","article-title":"Longitudinal associations of social cognition and substance use in childhood and early adolescence: findings from the Avon longitudinal study of parents and children","volume":"27","author":"Fluharty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2015.08.007","article-title":"Cannabis use in early adolescence: evidence of amygdala hypersensitivity to signals of threat","volume":"16","author":"Spechler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2012.12.005","article-title":"\u201cIt\u2019s just a social thing\u201d: drug use, friendship and borderwork among marginalized young people","volume":"24","author":"Foster","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2203-x","article-title":"Verbal learning and memory in adolescent cannabis users, alcohol users and non-users","volume":"216","author":"Solowij","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13020313","article-title":"Evaluating the distinction between cool and hot executive function during childhood","volume":"13","author":"Moriguchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1177\/0031721718815668","article-title":"An update on social and emotional learning outcome research","volume":"100","author":"Mahoney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phi Delta Kappan"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984678","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/984678","article-title":"The improvement of emotion and attention regulation after a 6-week training of focused meditation: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"2013","author":"Menezes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852918001426","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in substance use disorders","volume":"24","author":"Ramey","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"key":"ref90","author":"Hanson","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e632","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.6.e632","article-title":"American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on substance abuse, American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on adolescence. Legalization of marijuana: potential impact on youth","volume":"113","author":"Joffe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1048791\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T04:38:06Z","timestamp":1684125486000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1048791\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"references-count":91,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1048791"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1048791","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"article-number":"1048791"}}