{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T11:45:32Z","timestamp":1769168732188,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the feasibility of three-dimensional pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (3D-pcASL) perfusion imaging in the brain of children with Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 78 ADHD children aged 5\u201313 years were prospectively selected as the study group, and 89 healthy children matched in age and sex were selected as the control group. All children underwent MRI conventional sequence, 3D-pcASL, and 3D-T1 sequence scans. The brain gray and white matter volume and cerebral blood flow (CBF) perfusion values were obtained by software post-processing, and were compared and analyzed in the two groups to find out their characteristics in the brain of ADHD children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The total brain volume and total CBF values were lower in ADHD children than in healthy children (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05); the gray and white matter volumes in the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, hippocampus, caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus and other brain regions were lower in ADHD children than in healthy children (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05); the gray matter CBF values in the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, hippocampus, caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus and other brain regions were lower in ADHD children than in healthy children (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05); the differences between the white matter CBF values of white matter in the said brain regions of ADHD children and healthy children were not statistically significant (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.05); and the CBF values in frontal lobe and caudate nuclei could distinguish ADHD children (AUC &amp;gt; 0.05, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The 3D-pcASL technique showed reduced cerebral perfusion in some brain regions of ADHD children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1064647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T06:44:46Z","timestamp":1674024286000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Three-dimensional pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling perfusion imaging shows cerebral blood flow perfusion decline in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder 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