{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T07:55:51Z","timestamp":1791532551032,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Even though obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is one of the ten most disabling diseases according to the WHO, only 30\u201340% of patients suffering from OCD seek specialized treatment. The currently available psychotherapeutic and pharmacological approaches, when properly applied, prove ineffective in about 10% of cases. The use of neuromodulation techniques, especially Deep Brain Stimulation, is highly promising for these clinical pictures and knowledge in this domain is constantly evolving. The aim of this paper is to provide a summary of the current knowledge about OCD treatment, while also discussing the more recent proposals for defining resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1065812","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T02:58:46Z","timestamp":1676516326000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Therapies for obsessive-compulsive disorder: Current state of the art and perspectives for approaching treatment-resistant patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kevin","family":"Swierkosz-Lenart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joao Flores Alves","family":"Dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Elowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Clair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien F.","family":"Bally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7oise","family":"Riquier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jocelyne","family":"Bloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogdan","family":"Draganski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Th\u00e9r\u00e8se","family":"Clerc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Pozuelo Moyano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armin","family":"von Gunten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Mallet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders."},{"key":"B2","first-page":"325 p","author":"Murray","year":"1996","journal-title":"The global burden of diseases: a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2008.94","article-title":"The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the national comorbidity survey replication.","volume":"15","author":"Ruscio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.11.020","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions in the general population: results from an epidemiological study in six European countries.","volume":"124","author":"Fullana","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-008-0423-0","article-title":"To seek advice or not to seek advice about the problem: the help-seeking dilemma for obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"44","author":"Belloch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2009.12.003","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is still an unrecognised disorder: a study on the recognition of OCD in psychiatric outpatients.","volume":"25","author":"Wahl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry."},{"key":"B7","first-page":"571","article-title":"Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorders in a large French patient population in psychiatric consultation.","volume":"21","author":"Hantouche","year":"2002","journal-title":"Encephale."},{"key":"B8","year":"2007","journal-title":"Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0102-3","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"5","author":"Stein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2021.152223","article-title":"Cognitive behavioural therapy with exposure and response prevention in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.","volume":"106","author":"Reid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.08.020","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis of treatment outcome and moderators.","volume":"47","author":"Olatunji","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.06.003","article-title":"Cognitive behavioral treatments of obsessive-compulsive disorder. A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published 1993-2014.","volume":"40","author":"\u00d6st","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.07.001","article-title":"Psychological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis.","volume":"28","author":"Rosa-Alc\u00e1zar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-009-0043-8","article-title":"Psychotherapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"11","author":"Storch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.1.151","article-title":"Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of exposure and ritual prevention, clomipramine, and their combination in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"162","author":"Foa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.2200","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"317","author":"Hirschtritt","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1097\/YIC.0000000000000237","article-title":"Optimal treatment for obsessive compulsive disorder: a randomized controlled feasibility study of the clinical-effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural therapy, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and their combination in the management of obsessive compulsive disorder.","volume":"33","author":"Fineberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2010.10.002","article-title":"Patient utilization of cognitive-behavioral therapy for OCD.","volume":"42","author":"Mancebo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav Ther."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2019.102135","article-title":"Patient adherence to cognitive behavioural therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"68","author":"Leeuwerik","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712000244","article-title":"Internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"42","author":"Andersson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2018.06.005","article-title":"Adding acceptance and commitment therapy to exposure and response prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"108","author":"Twohig","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2016.10.004","article-title":"Les interventions bas\u00e9es sur la pleine conscience dans le trouble obsessionnel compulsif : m\u00e9canismes d\u2019action et pr\u00e9sentation d\u2019une \u00e9tude pilote [Mindfulness-based interventions in obsessive-compulsive disorder: mechanisms of action and presentation of a pilot study].","volume":"43","author":"Gasnier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Encephale."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2007.12.005","article-title":"Association study between obsessive-compulsive disorder and serotonergic candidate genes.","volume":"32","author":"Saiz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050787","article-title":"Delayed obsessive-compulsive disorder symptom exacerbation after a single dose of a serotonin antagonist in fluoxetine-treated but not untreated patients.","volume":"140","author":"Greenberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2007.09.001","article-title":"Hypersensitivity of 5-HT2 receptors in OCD patients. An increased prolactin response after a challenge with meta-chlorophenylpiperazine and pre-treatment with ritanserin and placebo.","volume":"42","author":"de Leeuw","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.1.76","article-title":"Multicenter double-blind comparison of sertraline and desipramine for concurrent obsessive-compulsive and major depressive disorders.","volume":"57","author":"Hoehn-Saric","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2020_204","article-title":"Pharmacotherapeutic strategies and new targets in OCD.","volume":"49","author":"Pittenger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Top Behav Neurosci."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2004.08.004","article-title":"A multidimensional meta-analysis of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"24","author":"Eddy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950130053006","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of serotonin transport inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder. A meta-analysis.","volume":"52","author":"Greist","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.317","article-title":"Fluvoxamine in obsessive-compulsive disorder: similar efficacy but superior tolerability in comparison with clomipramine.","volume":"16","author":"Mundo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-199705000-00002","article-title":"A double-blind study of fluvoxamine and clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"12","author":"Milanfranchi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e605","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.14r09758","article-title":"Early onset of response with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis.","volume":"77","author":"Issari","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2014.05.006","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"37","author":"Pittenger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North A."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.2200","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder: advances in diagnosis and treatment.","volume":"317","author":"Hirschtritt","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2006.07.002","article-title":"Antipsychotic augmentation of serotonergic antidepressants in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: ameta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials.","volume":"17","author":"Skapinakis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyv047","article-title":"Antipsychotic augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treatment-resistant obsessive- compulsive disorder: an update meta-analysis of double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials.","volume":"18","author":"Dold","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2009.50","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the dose-response relationship of SSRI in obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"15","author":"Bloch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2019.01.017","article-title":"Duration of untreated illness and response to SRI treatment in obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"58","author":"Albert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001765.pub3","article-title":"Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) versus placebo for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD).","volume":"2008","author":"Soomro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.5.10.2059","article-title":"Treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): focus on antipsychotic augmentation to SRIs.","volume":"1","author":"Albert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Austin J Psychiatry Behav Sci."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.4088\/jcp.v66n1209","article-title":"Defining response in clinical trials for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a signal detection analysis of the Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale.","volume":"66","author":"Tolin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30069-4","article-title":"Pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions for management of obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.","volume":"3","author":"Skapinakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810320054008","article-title":"Clomipramine in the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"48","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1097\/00131746-200005000-00002","article-title":"Biological therapies for obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"6","author":"Fallon","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Pract."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-14-S1-S1","article-title":"Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders.","author":"Katzman","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.4088\/jcp.v63n1108","article-title":"Venlafaxine versus clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a preliminary single-blind, 12-week, controlled study.","volume":"63","author":"Albert","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.4088\/jcp.v64n0508","article-title":"Venlafaxine in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"64","author":"Hollander","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.4088\/jcp.v65n0106","article-title":"A double-blind switch study of paroxetine and venlafaxine in obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"65","author":"Denys","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1017\/s1092852900014024","article-title":"Effectiveness of long-term augmentation with citalopram to clomipramine in treatment-resistant OCD patients.","volume":"13","author":"Marazziti","year":"2008","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"B50","first-page":"677","article-title":"Therapeutic effect and safety of adjunctive risperidone in refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).","volume":"32","author":"Ravizza","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1177\/070674379303800402","article-title":"The benefits of clomipramine-fluoxetine combination in obsessive compulsive disorder.","volume":"38","author":"Browne","year":"1993","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-01-00324.2002","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms of infralimbic and prelimbic prefrontal cortical inhibition and dopaminergic modulation of basolateral amygdala neurons in vivo.","volume":"22","author":"Rosenkranz","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"B53","first-page":"11","article-title":"The role of dopamine in obsessive-compulsive disorder: preclinical and clinical evidence.","volume":"65","author":"Denys","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.2008.20.4.390","article-title":"A psychological and neuroanatomical model of obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"20","author":"Huey","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2012.10.023","article-title":"DRD4 gene and obsessive compulsive disorder: do symptom dimensions have specific genetic correlates?","volume":"41","author":"Taj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09620-4","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"360","author":"Stein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.1932","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioral therapy vs risperidone for augmenting serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"70","author":"Simpson","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-014-0317-5","article-title":"Atypical antipsychotic augmentation in SSRI treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"14","author":"Veale","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5647","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867325666171222163645","article-title":"A systematic review of evidence-based treatment strategies for obsessive- compulsive disorder resistant to first-line pharmacotherapy.","volume":"25","author":"Albert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2015.05.002","article-title":"Relationship of obsessive compulsive symptoms\/disorder with clozapine: a retrospective study from a multispeciality tertiary care centre.","volume":"15","author":"Grover","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300733","article-title":"Glutamatergic dysfunction in OCD.","volume":"30","author":"Chakrabarty","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.77","article-title":"Anti-brain autoantibodies and altered excitatory neurotransmitters in obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"34","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06104","article-title":"Cortico-striatal synaptic defects and OCD-like behaviours in Sapap3-mutant mice.","volume":"448","author":"Welch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.31184","article-title":"Comprehensive family-based association study of the glutamate transporter gene SLC1A1 in obsessive-compulsive disorder.","author":"Samuels","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/01677063.2017.1336236","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder, which genes? Which functions? Which pathways? An integrated holistic view regarding OCD and its complex genetic etiology.","volume":"31","author":"Bozorgmehr","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurogenet."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.09.015","article-title":"Memantine add-on in moderate to severe obsessive-compulsive disorder: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study.","volume":"47","author":"Ghaleiha","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112602","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis: memantine augmentation in moderate to severe obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"282","author":"Modarresi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.07.013","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic, accumbens, or caudate nuclei for patients with severe obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized crossover controlled study.","volume":"90","author":"Welter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12803","article-title":"Amantadine as adjuvant therapy in the treatment of moderate to severe obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind randomized trial with placebo control.","volume":"73","author":"Naderi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.117.015198","article-title":"Ketamine and ketamine metabolite pharmacology: insights into therapeutic mechanisms.","volume":"70","author":"Zanos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.113853","article-title":"Specialty knowledge and competency standards for pharmacotherapy for adult obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"300","author":"Pittenger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000330","article-title":"Ketamine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review.","volume":"30","author":"Bandeira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Harv Rev Psychiatry."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1097\/YIC.0000000000000314","article-title":"Clinical advances in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a position statement by the international college of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders.","volume":"35","author":"Fineberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11070856","article-title":"Therapeutic potentials of ketamine and esketamine in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), substance use disorders (SUD) and eating disorders (ED): a review of the current literature.","volume":"11","author":"Martinotti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B75","first-page":"104","article-title":"Lamotrigine augmentation versus placebo in serotonin reuptake inhibitors-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"11","author":"Khalkhali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iran J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881111431751","article-title":"Lamotrigine augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.","volume":"26","author":"Bruno","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1440-1614.2000.0751c.x","article-title":"Lamotrigine augmentation of serotonin re-uptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"34","author":"Kumar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/612459","article-title":"Lamotrigine augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in severe and long-term treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"2013","author":"Arrojo-Romero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Case Rep Psychiatry."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.09m05266gre","article-title":"Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of topiramate augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"72","author":"Berlin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2006.01520.x","article-title":"Topiramate may induce obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"60","author":"Thuile","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.166.4.424","article-title":"Effectiveness of drug treatment in OCD: a metanalytic review.","volume":"166","author":"Piccinelli","year":"1995","journal-title":"B J P."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145702002900","article-title":"Treatment non-response in OCD: methodological issues and operational definitions.","volume":"5","author":"Pallanti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.013","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder and obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders.","volume":"29","author":"Denys","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.12740\/PP\/OnlineFirst\/103090","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation: new possibilities for the treatment of mental disorders.","volume":"53","author":"Besz\u0142ej","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatr Pol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133591","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis of treatment outcome and predictors of response.","volume":"10","author":"Alonso","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135524","article-title":"Effects of deep brain stimulation on the lived experience of obsessive-compulsive disorder patients: in-depth interviews with 18 patients.","volume":"10","author":"Haan","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000234880.51322.16","article-title":"Neurosurgery in Parkinson disease: a distressed mind in a repaired body?","volume":"66","author":"Sch\u00fcpbach","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00905","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: towards an individualized approach.","volume":"10","author":"Senova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000000499","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"75","author":"Hamani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosurgery."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/sni.sni_19_17","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: knowledge and concerns among psychiatrists, psychotherapists and patients.","volume":"8","author":"Naesstr\u00f6m","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2021.642503","article-title":"The decline of deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder following FDA humanitarian device exemption approval.","volume":"8","author":"Pinckard-Dover","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Surg."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01879-z","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a crisis of access.","volume":"28","author":"Visser-Vandewalle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v11.i9.659","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review of worldwide experience after 20 years.","volume":"11","author":"Mar-Barrutia","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-011-0205-3","article-title":"Update on repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder: different targets.","volume":"13","author":"Blom","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17030420","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the supplementary motor area in the treatment of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: a multisite study.","volume":"17","author":"Hawken","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.02.031","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorders: double blind randomized clinical trial.","volume":"238","author":"Elbeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.18101180","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation for obsessive compulsive disorder: a prospective multicenter randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"176","author":"Carmi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B98","year":"2021","journal-title":"Coverage guidance for TMS for OCD."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyaa051","article-title":"Evidence-based guidelines and secondary meta-analysis for the use of transcranial direct current stimulation in neurological and psychiatric disorders.","volume":"24","author":"Fregni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.02.005","article-title":"Efficacy of pre-supplementary motor area transcranial direct current stimulation for treatment resistant obsessive compulsive disorder: a randomized, double blinded, sham controlled trial.","volume":"12","author":"Gowda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2007.01.004","article-title":"Safety aspects of transcranial direct current stimulation concerning healthy subjects and patients.","volume":"72","author":"Poreisz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1065812\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T02:58:55Z","timestamp":1676516335000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1065812\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"references-count":101,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1065812"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1065812","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"article-number":"1065812"}}