{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T15:00:02Z","timestamp":1787670002205,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>While the assessment of acute medical stability in patients with eating disorders should never be minimized, careful attention toward other specific age-related consequences of malnutrition can improve psychological outcomes and reduce long-term, potentially irreversible medical complications, like linear growth impairment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Review<\/jats:title><jats:p>While the impact of malnutrition on linear growth is widely recognized, emerging data highlight consensus in several key areas: the time from onset to time of diagnosis, age at illness onset, pubertal stage at illness onset, and adequacy of weight restoration to achieve catch-up growth. This review provides concrete and actionable steps to help providers identify and explore deviations in expected growth and development while prioritizing early and aggressive weight restoration to provide the best opportunity for catch-up linear growth in patients with eating disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The impact of restrictive eating disorders on growth and development cannot be overstated, particularly in pre- and peripubertal patients. While many consequences of malnutrition are reversible, the loss of genetic height potential may prove irreversible without early and aggressive weight restoration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1094222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T06:06:15Z","timestamp":1677823575000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Linear growth in young people with restrictive eating disorders: \u201cInching\u201d toward consensus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Amanda E.","family":"Downey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna B.","family":"Tanner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-015-0040-8","article-title":"Anorexia nervosa - medical complications.","volume":"3","author":"Mehler","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Eat Disord."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.32.9.404","article-title":"Growth.","volume":"32","author":"Weintraub","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Rev."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-019-0261-3","article-title":"Attributes of children and adolescents with avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder.","volume":"7","author":"Keery","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Eat Disord."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1266","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3111","article-title":"Linear growth and child development in low- and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis.","volume":"135","author":"Sudfeld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045504","article-title":"Linear growth and final height characteristics in adolescent females with anorexia nervosa.","volume":"7","author":"Modan-Moses","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12556","article-title":"Bone mineral density, osteoporosis, and fractures among people with eating disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"133","author":"Solmi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2022.08.006","article-title":"Position paper of the society for adolescent health and medicine: medical management of restrictive eating disorders in adolescents and young adults references.","volume":"56","author":"Golden","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2020.100771","article-title":"Normal and abnormal growth in the pediatric patient.","volume":"50","author":"Nejedly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0070(83)80224-1","article-title":"Anorexia nervosa presenting as growth retardation in adolescents.","volume":"4","author":"Root","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health Care."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12231","article-title":"Childhood stunting: a global perspective.","author":"de Onis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12075","article-title":"The World Health Organization\u2019s global target for reducing childhood stunting by 2025: rationale and proposed actions.","author":"de Onis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-10-0302","article-title":"Growth-inhibiting conditions slow growth plate senescence.","volume":"208","author":"Forcinito","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Endocrinol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-0993","article-title":"Catch-up growth after hypothyroidism is caused by delayed growth plate senescence.","volume":"149","author":"Marino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinology."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200111000-00014","article-title":"Catch-up growth is associated with delayed senescence of the growth plate in rabbits.","volume":"50","author":"Gafni","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr Res."},{"key":"B15","first-page":"1255","article-title":"Nutritional treatment in childhood Crohn\u2019s disease.","volume":"12","author":"Bocquet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2005.07.033","article-title":"Catch-up growth: testing the hypothesis of delayed growth plate senescence in humans.","volume":"147","author":"Emons","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"B17","first-page":"581","article-title":"Stunting of growth in anorexia nervosa during the prepubertal and pubertal period.","volume":"30","author":"Danziger","year":"1994","journal-title":"Isr J Med Sci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20409","article-title":"Association between low height and eating disorders: cause or effect?","volume":"40","author":"Favaro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/s1054-139x(02)00342-7","article-title":"Reversibility of growth stunting in early onset anorexia nervosa: a prospective study.","volume":"31","author":"Lantzouni","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2019.08.032","article-title":"What are the effects of restrictive eating disorders on growth and puberty and are effects permanent? A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"66","author":"Neale","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa510","article-title":"Prospective longitudinal assessment of linear growth and adult height in female adolescents with anorexia nervosa.","volume":"106","author":"Modan-Moses","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.2.270","article-title":"Stunting of growth as a major feature of anorexia nervosa in male adolescents.","volume":"111","author":"Modan-Moses","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.45.244.755","article-title":"Standards for Children\u2019s height at ages 2-9 years allowing for height of parents.","volume":"45","author":"Tanner","year":"1970","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199810000-00016","article-title":"Target height as predicted by parental heights in a population-based study.","volume":"44","author":"Luo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Res."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5615","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030532","article-title":"Alterations in growth hormone secretory dynamics in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa and effects on bone metabolism.","volume":"88","author":"Misra","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3476(94)70030-3","article-title":"Disturbances in growth hormone secretion and action in adolescents with anorexia nervosa.","volume":"125","author":"Golden","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181f83eae","article-title":"Linear growth in anorexia nervosa.","author":"Eckhardt","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S52","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20118","article-title":"Medical complications in adolescents with anorexia nervosa: a review of the literature.","author":"Katzman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1159\/000262540","article-title":"Neuroendocrine consequences of anorexia nervosa in adolescents.","volume":"17","author":"Misra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocr Dev."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4177","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2001-011889","article-title":"Abnormal bone mineral accrual in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa.","volume":"87","author":"Soyka","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0170","article-title":"Bone metabolism in adolescent boys with anorexia nervosa.","volume":"93","author":"Misra","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0540","article-title":"Effects of anorexia nervosa on clinical, hematologic, biochemical, and bone density parameters in community-dwelling adolescent girls.","volume":"114","author":"Misra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1990.tb11635.x","article-title":"Anabolic and tissue repair functions of recombinant insulin-like growth factor I.","volume":"367","author":"Skottner","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1991.tb11758.x","article-title":"Menarche 1990 in stockholm schoolgirls.","volume":"80","author":"Lindgren","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1159\/000112587","article-title":"Weight and growth requirements for menarche in teenage girls with eating disorders, weight loss and primary amenorrhea.","volume":"69","author":"Swenne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Horm Res."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20182","article-title":"Weight requirements for catch-up growth in girls with eating disorders and onset of weight loss before menarche.","volume":"38","author":"Swenne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int Eat Disord."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-016-0273-9","article-title":"Detecting eating disorder patients in a general practice setting: a systematic review of heterogeneous data on clinical outcomes and care trajectories.","volume":"21","author":"Cadwallader","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2014.06.014","article-title":"Predictors of outcome at 1 year in adolescents with DSM-5 restrictive eating disorders: report of the national eating disorders quality improvement collaborative.","volume":"55","author":"Forman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-0194","article-title":"Eating disorders in children and adolescents: state of the art review.","volume":"134","author":"Campbell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2014.02.006","article-title":"Is weight gain really a catalyst for broader recovery?: the impact of weight gain on psychological symptoms in the treatment of adolescent anorexia nervosa.","volume":"56","author":"Accurso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22221","article-title":"Early weight gain predicts outcome in two treatments for adolescent anorexia nervosa.","volume":"47","author":"le Grange","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2011.04.023","article-title":"An eleven site national quality improvement evaluation of adolescent medicine-based eating disorder programs: predictors of weight outcomes at one year and risk adjustment analyses.","volume":"49","author":"Forman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-015-0245-5","article-title":"Medical stabilization of adolescents with nutritional insufficiency: a clinical care path.","volume":"21","author":"Strandjord","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-020-00321-4","article-title":"Earlier diagnosis in anorexia nervosa: better watch growth charts!","volume":"8","author":"Marion","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Eat Disord."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1159\/000182783","article-title":"Catch-Up Growth during Adolescence.","author":"Largo","year":"1993","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2237","article-title":"Poor catch-up growth in late adolescent boys with eating disorders, weight loss and stunting of growth.","volume":"21","author":"Swenne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1385\/jcd:4:2:147","article-title":"Sex differences in bone mass acquisition during growth: the fels longitudinal study.","volume":"4","author":"Nguyen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Densitom."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22402","article-title":"Time trends in lifetime incidence rates of first-time diagnosed anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa across 16 years in a danish nationwide psychiatric registry study.","volume":"48","author":"Steinhausen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-027339","article-title":"Incidence of anorexia nervosa in young people in the UK and Ireland: a national surveillance study.","volume":"9","author":"Petkova","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1517","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2820","article-title":"Determinants of height in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa.","volume":"121","author":"Prabhakaran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2022.08.006","article-title":"Medical management of restrictive eating disorders in adolescents and young adults.","volume":"71","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-017-0795-5","article-title":"Avoidant\/Restrictive food intake disorder: a three-dimensional model of neurobiology with implications for etiology and treatment.","volume":"19","author":"Thomas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"B53","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: Dsm-5-Tr:1050."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s40124-021-00239-8","article-title":"Avoidant\/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID): its medical complications and their treatment\u2014an emerging area.","volume":"9","author":"Nitsch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Pediatr Rep."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.08.003","article-title":"Avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder: illness and hospital course in patients hospitalized for nutritional insufficiency.","volume":"57","author":"Strandjord","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s40124-018-0162-y","article-title":"Evaluation and Treatment of Avoidant\/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) in adolescents.","volume":"6","author":"Brigham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Pediatr Rep."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.03.025","article-title":"Distribution of eating disorders in children and adolescents using the proposed DSM-5 criteria for feeding and eating disorders.","volume":"53","author":"Ornstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2014.11.020","article-title":"Update on the medical management of eating disorders in adolescents.","volume":"56","author":"Golden","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health."},{"key":"B59","article-title":"Eating disorders in children: is avoidant-restrictive food intake disorder a feeding disorder or an eating disorder and what are the implications for treatment?","volume":"7","author":"Keel","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Research."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081955","article-title":"Youth with avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder: examining differences by age, weight status, and symptom duration.","volume":"11","author":"Lowe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1094222\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T06:06:28Z","timestamp":1677823588000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1094222\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]]},"references-count":60,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1094222"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1094222","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]]},"article-number":"1094222"}}