{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T09:15:21Z","timestamp":1767863721499,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mindfulness-based interventions (including self-compassion interventions) are effective in improving stress management at psychological and physical levels. Mindful Self-Compassion (MSC) is a newly developed program particularly aimed at increasing self-compassion. The main objective of this study was to determine whether the psychophysiological stress response during a social-evaluative speaking task differs in inpatients participating in the MSC or the Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR) program at the end of their 6-week psychiatric rehabilitation stay (i.e., post-test only design).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data from 50 inpatients (25 MSC, 25 PMR, 35 female) aged 19 to 76\u2009years (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200947.22, <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200912.44) were analyzed in terms of psychophysiological stress response. For this purpose, heart rate variability, heart rate, and blood pressure were assessed together with several psychometric variables: positive and negative affect (PANAS), subjective stress perception (Visual Analog Scale), self-compassion (Self-Compassion Scale), cognitive reappraisal and suppression (Emotion Regulation Questionnaire), psychological distress (Brief Symptom Inventory-18), and appraisal and rumination (selected items).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After correction for alpha inflation no differences in the psychophysiological stress response and psychometric parameters between the MSC and PMR group were found.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In general, our results indicate that MSC is not superior to PMR training. However, more research with clinical randomized controlled trials investigating larger samples are needed to further affirm these initial findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1098122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T09:29:56Z","timestamp":1689672596000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Psychophysiological stress response after a 6-week Mindful Self-Compassion training in psychiatric rehabilitation inpatients: a randomized post-test only study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Andorfer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabina","family":"Kraler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Kaufmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewald","family":"Pollheimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Spah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Fuchshuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Rominger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Traunm\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Schwerdtfeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Human-Friedrich","family":"Unterrainer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"199","article-title":"The role of stress in neurodegenerative diseases and mental disorders","volume":"23","author":"Esch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinol Lett"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"217","article-title":"Lifestyle factors and mental health","volume":"31","author":"Zaman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatr Danub"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"234","article-title":"Thymus and adrenals in response of the organism to injuries and intoxication","volume":"17","author":"Selye","year":"1936","journal-title":"Br J Exp Pathol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2019.02.021","article-title":"Stress and inflammation \u2013 the need to address the gap in the transition between acute and chronic stress effects","volume":"105","author":"Rohleder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64032-1.00027-8","article-title":"Basics of autonomic nervous system function","volume":"160","author":"Gibbons","year":"2019","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5834.1994.tb01283.x","article-title":"Vagal tone and the physiological regulation of emotion","volume":"59","author":"Porges","year":"1994","journal-title":"Monogr Soc Res Child Dev"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.21.1.0389","article-title":"How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions","volume":"21","author":"Sapolsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H728","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00825.2003","article-title":"Respiratory sinus arrhythmia, cardiac vagal control, and daily activity","volume":"287","author":"Grossman","year":"","journal-title":"Am J Phys Heart Circ Phys"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.3390\/e19100568","article-title":"Entropy analysis of short-term heartbeat interval time series during regular walking","volume":"19","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.11.009","article-title":"A meta-analysis of heart rate variability and neuroimaging studies: implications for heart rate variability as a marker of stress and health","volume":"36","author":"Thayer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.11.013","article-title":"Heart rate variability (HRV): from brain death to resonance breathing at 6 breaths per minute","volume":"131","author":"Schwerdtfeger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2006.06.009","article-title":"The polyvagal perspective","volume":"74","author":"Porges","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407505054520","article-title":"Attachment style, current relationship security, and negative emotions: the mediating role of physiological regulation","volume":"22","author":"Diamond","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Soc Pers Relat"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.12.004","article-title":"Heart rate variability as a biobehavioral marker of diverse psychopathologies: a review and argument for an \u201cideal range.\u201d","volume":"121","author":"Heiss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612470827","article-title":"How positive emotions build physical health: perceived positive social connections account for the upward spiral between positive emotions and vagal tone","volume":"24","author":"Kok","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11090872","article-title":"Is low heart rate variability associated with emotional dysregulation, psychopathological dimensions, and prefrontal dysfunctions? An integrative view","volume":"11","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Person Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2005.11.013","article-title":"The role of vagal function in the risk for cardiovascular disease and mortality","volume":"74","author":"Thayer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718001988","article-title":"Heart rate and high frequency heart rate variability during stress as biomarker for clinical depression. A systematic review","volume":"49","author":"Schiweck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172000207X","article-title":"Autonomic dysfunction in posttraumatic stress disorder indexed by heart rate variability: a meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Schneider","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2011.05.009","article-title":"Depressive symptoms and attenuated physiological reactivity to laboratory stressors","volume":"87","author":"Schwerdtfeger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00338-4","article-title":"A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation","volume":"61","author":"Thayer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.02.003","article-title":"The hierarchical basis of neurovisceral integration","volume":"75","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"A neurovisceral integration model of health disparities in aging","volume-title":"Critical perspectives on racial and ethnic differences in health in late life","author":"Thayer","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-012-3666-7","article-title":"Stress, psychische Erkrankungen und koronare Herzkrankheit","volume":"83","author":"Lederbogen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nervenarzt"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2018.12.022","article-title":"The next generation of mindfulness-based intervention research: what have we learned and where are we headed?","volume":"28","author":"Rosenkranz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0196053","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196053","article-title":"Six-year positive effects of a mindfulness-based intervention on mindfulness, coping and well-being in medical and psychology students; results from a randomized controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"De","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1093\/clipsy.bpg016","article-title":"Mindfulness-based interventions in context: past, present, and future","volume":"10","author":"Kabat-Zinn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci Pract"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2010.08.011","article-title":"Mindfulness based cognitive therapy for psychiatric disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"187","author":"Chiesa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2012598","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.12598","article-title":"Association of mindfulness-based interventions with anxiety severity in adults with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Oberoi","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldab005","article-title":"Mindfulness-based interventions: an overall review","volume":"138","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2008.0495","article-title":"Mindfulness-based stress reduction for stress management in healthy people: a review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Chiesa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Altern Complement Med"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/aphw.12188","article-title":"Mindfulness-based interventions for university students: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"12","author":"Dawson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Health Well Being"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20493","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000020493","article-title":"A meta-analysis: internet mindfulness-based interventions for stress management in the general population","volume":"99","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2016.03.011","article-title":"The relationship between yoga involvement, mindfulness and psychological well-being","volume":"26","author":"Gaiswinkler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Complement Ther Med"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(03)00573-7","article-title":"Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: a meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Grossman","year":"","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12170","article-title":"Effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on shame, self-compassion and psychological distress in anxious and depressed patients: a pilot study","volume":"91","author":"Proeve","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Psychother Theory Res Pract"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-020-01342-5","article-title":"Effects of mindfulness-based interventions on self-compassion in health care professionals: a meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Wasson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.21923","article-title":"A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the Mindful Self-Compassion program","volume":"69","author":"Neff","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/15298860309032","article-title":"Self-compassion: an alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself","volume":"2","author":"Neff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Self Identity"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22021","article-title":"Self-compassion in clinical practice","volume":"69","author":"Germer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025754","article-title":"Self-compassion: conceptualizations, correlates, & interventions","volume":"15","author":"Barnard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev Gen Psychol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2021.110824","article-title":"Self-compassion, intolerance of uncertainty, fear of COVID-19, and well-being: a serial mediation investigation","volume":"177","author":"Deniz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Personal Individ Differ"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-020-01563-8","article-title":"Self-compassion and coping: a meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Ewert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-019-01134-6","article-title":"Self-compassion interventions and psychosocial outcomes: a meta-analysis of RCTs","volume":"10","author":"Ferrari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.92.5.887","article-title":"Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: the implications of treating oneself kindly","volume":"92","author":"Leary","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1080\/13576500444000317","article-title":"Self-compassion, achievement goals, and coping with academic failure","volume":"4","author":"Neff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Self Identity"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2016.04.003","article-title":"Self-compassion enhances the efficacy of explicit cognitive reappraisal as an emotion regulation strategy in individuals with major depressive disorder","volume":"82","author":"Diedrich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2021.01.010","article-title":"Exploiting the plasticity of compassion to improve psychotherapy","volume":"39","author":"F\u00f6rster","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Behav Sci"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01099","article-title":"Effects of mindfulness based cognitive therapy (MBCT) and compassion focused therapy (CFT) on symptom change, mindfulness, self-compassion, and rumination in clients with depression, anxiety, and stress","volume":"10","author":"Frostadottir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aprim.2017.03.009","article-title":"Evaluation of the effectiveness of a mindfulness and self-compassion program to reduce stress and prevent burnout in primary care health professionals","volume":"50","author":"Aranda Auser\u00f3n","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aten Primaria"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-019-01171-1","article-title":"Mindfulness and self-compassion in clinical psychiatric rehabilitation: a clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Gaiswinkler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1080\/15298868.2011.649546","article-title":"The relationship between self-compassion and other-focused concern among college undergraduates, community adults, and practicing meditators","volume":"12","author":"Neff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Self Identity"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2017.08.004","article-title":"Mindfulness mediates the physiological markers of stress: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"95","author":"Pascoe","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.18178\/ijpmbs.8.4.132-137","article-title":"The impacts of mindfulness on heart rate variability: a brief review","volume":"8","author":"Tung","year":"2019","journal-title":"IJPMBS"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2015.06.005","article-title":"Heart rate variability is enhanced in controls but not maladaptive perfectionists during brief mindfulness meditation following stress-induction: a stratified-randomized trial","volume":"98","author":"Azam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2016.0046","article-title":"The effect of 5 minutes of mindful breathing to the perception of distress and physiological responses in palliative care cancer patients: a randomized controlled study","volume":"19","author":"Ng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Palliat Med"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585743","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.585743","article-title":"Psychological and physiological effects of the mindful lovingkindness compassion program on highly self-critical university students in South Korea","volume":"11","author":"Noh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.018","article-title":"Self-compassion training modulates alpha-amylase, heart rate variability, and subjective responses to social evaluative threat in women","volume":"42","author":"Arch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.09.015","article-title":"Acceptance lowers stress reactivity: dismantling mindfulness training in a randomized controlled trial","volume":"87","author":"Lindsay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032200","article-title":"Mindfulness-based stress reduction and physiological activity during acute stress: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Nykl\u00ed\u010dek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-014-0320-4","article-title":"A brief mindfulness exercise reduces cardiovascular reactivity during a laboratory stressor paradigm","volume":"6","author":"Steffen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01564","article-title":"Self-compassion and psycho-physiological recovery from recalled sport failure","volume":"10","author":"Ceccarelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1700495","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1700495","article-title":"Specific reduction in cortisol stress reactivity after social but not attention-based mental training","volume":"3","author":"Engert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2018.09.010","article-title":"Do workplace-based mindfulness meditation programs improve physiological indices of stress? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"114","author":"Heckenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"ref65","volume-title":"Progressive relaxation","author":"Jacobson","year":"1929"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-017-0869-9","article-title":"Differential treatment mechanisms in mindfulness meditation and progressive muscle relaxation","volume":"9","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5924040","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5924040","article-title":"Effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation, deep breathing, and guided imagery in promoting psychological and physiological states of relaxation","volume":"2021","author":"Toussaint","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22695","article-title":"Mindfulness and progressive muscle relaxation as standardized session-introduction in individual therapy: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"75","author":"Mander","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-013-9490-x","article-title":"Feasibility of an online mindfulness program for stress management \u2013 a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"46","author":"Morledge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"key":"ref70","year":""},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s10049-009-1247-5","article-title":"Das Elektrokardiogramm 100 Jahre nach Einthoven: Tipps und Tricks zur richtigen Diagnose","volume":"12","author":"Trappe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Notfall Rettungsmed"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2012.09.001","article-title":"Heart rate variability today","volume":"55","author":"Xhyheri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00213","article-title":"Heart rate variability and cardiac vagal tone in psychophysiological research \u2013 recommendations for experiment planning, data analysis, and data reporting","volume":"8","author":"Laborde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00258","article-title":"An overview of heart rate variability metrics and norms","volume":"5","author":"Shaffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2005.11.014","article-title":"Toward understanding respiratory sinus arrhythmia: relations to cardiac vagal tone, evolution and biobehavioral functions","volume":"74","author":"Grossman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01040","article-title":"A healthy heart is not a metronome: an integrative review of the heart\u2019s anatomy and heart rate variability","volume":"5","author":"Shaffer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref77","author":"Sohn","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.6360","article-title":"Randomization in clinical trials: permuted blocks and stratification","volume":"319","author":"Broglio","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-015-9493-y","article-title":"Aberrant parasympathetic stress responsivity in pure and co-occurring major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"38","author":"Kircanski","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Behav Assess"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1159\/000119004","article-title":"The \u2018Trier social stress test\u2019 \u2013 a tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting","volume":"28","author":"Kirschbaum","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327558ijbm1102_8","article-title":"Differential heart rate reactivity and recovery after psychosocial stress (TSST) in healthy children, younger adults, and elderly adults: the impact of age and gender","volume":"11","author":"Kudielka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Behav Med"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-016-9346-9","article-title":"Effects of mental stress induction on heart rate variability in patients with panic disorder","volume":"42","author":"Petrowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2014.12.012","article-title":"Heart rate variability during adolescent and adult social interactions: a meta-analysis","volume":"105","author":"Shahrestani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.10.002","article-title":"Intra-individual psychological and physiological responses to acute laboratory stressors of different intensity","volume":"51","author":"Skoluda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2018.02.004","article-title":"Challenge and threat states: examining cardiovascular, cognitive and affective responses to two distinct laboratory stress tasks","volume":"126","author":"Trotman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.6102\/ZIS242","article-title":"Deutsche version der positive and negative affect schedule PANAS (GESIS panel)","author":"Breyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"ZIS"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2017.09.011","article-title":"Investigating psychological and physiological responses to the Trier social stress test in young adults with insomnia","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2020.1839732","article-title":"The effect of ego depletion on challenge and threat evaluations during a potentially stressful public speaking task","volume":"34","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress Coping"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.65.2.248","article-title":"Subjective, physiological, and behavioral effects of threat and challenge appraisal","volume":"65","author":"Tomaka","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20542","article-title":"Ruminative thought style and depressed mood","volume":"65","author":"Brinker","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026395526858","article-title":"Postevent rumination and recall bias for a social performance event in high and low socially anxious individuals","volume":"27","author":"Edwards","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cogn Ther Res"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1333302","article-title":"Entwicklung eines Screening-Instruments zu Rumination und Suppression RS-8","volume":"63","author":"Pjanic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1026\/1616-3443\/a000088","article-title":"Validierung einer deutschen Version der Self-Compassion Scale (SCS-D)","volume":"40","author":"Hupfeld","year":"2011","journal-title":"Z Klin Psychol Psychother"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/15298860309027","article-title":"The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion","volume":"2","author":"Neff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Self Identity"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1026\/0012-1924.55.3.144","article-title":"Emotion Regulation Questionnaire \u2013 Eine deutschsprachige Fassung des ERQ von Gross und John","volume":"55","author":"Abler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diagnostica"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1281602","article-title":"Die Kurzform des Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI -18): erste Befunde zu den psychometrischen Kennwerten der deutschen Version","volume":"79","author":"Spitzer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12223","article-title":"Acute and training effects of resistance exercise on heart rate variability","volume":"36","author":"Kingsley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Physiol Funct Imaging"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e803","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.73","article-title":"Guidelines for reporting articles on psychiatry and heart rate variability (GRAPH): recommendations to advance research communication","volume":"6","author":"Quintana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.09.032","article-title":"An introductory guide to conducting the Trier social stress test","volume":"107","author":"Labuschagne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref100","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref101","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.93.5.1043","article-title":"Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Task force of the European Society of Cardiology and the north American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology","volume":"93","author":"Camm","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.05.004","article-title":"Association between changes in heart rate variability during the anticipation of a stressful situation and the stress-induced cortisol response","volume":"94","author":"Pulopulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-012-2445-2","article-title":"Consecutive days of cold water immersion: effects on cycling performance and heart rate variability","volume":"113","author":"Stanley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref105","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref106","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2006.01.014","article-title":"Review: a gentle introduction to imputation of missing values","volume":"59","author":"Donders","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2010.02841.x","article-title":"A quantitative systematic review of normal values for short-term heart rate variability in healthy adults","volume":"33","author":"Nunan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289823","article-title":"On methods in the analysis of profile data","volume":"24","author":"Greenhouse","year":"1959","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.2307\/2333709","article-title":"An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples)","volume":"52","author":"Shapiro","year":"1965","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.2307\/2332671","article-title":"A general distribution theory for a class of likelihood criteria","volume":"36","author":"Box","year":"1949","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref112","first-page":"306","volume-title":"Multiple comparisons: Theory and methods","author":"Hsu","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01792","article-title":"A systematic review of associations between interoception, vagal tone, and emotional regulation: potential applications for mental health, wellbeing, psychological flexibility, and chronic conditions","volume":"11","author":"Edwards","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.04.006","article-title":"Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: a review of empirical studies","volume":"31","author":"Keng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2014.03.014","article-title":"Dispositional mindfulness co-varies with self-reported positive reappraisal","volume":"66","author":"Hanley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Personal Individ Differ"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721412461500","article-title":"Improving acute stress responses: the power of reappraisal","volume":"22","author":"Jamieson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejon.2019.09.003","article-title":"Effects of progressive muscle relaxation and mindfulness meditation on fatigue, coping styles, and quality of life in early breast cancer patients: an assessor blinded, three-arm, randomized controlled trial","volume":"42","author":"Gok Metin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Europ J Oncol Nurs"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.12580","article-title":"Progressive muscle relaxation and mindfulness meditation on neuropathic pain, fatigue, and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"52","author":"Izgu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Nurs Scholarsh"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-020-01386-7","article-title":"A systematic review of mindfulness interventions on psychophysiological responses to acute stress","volume":"11","author":"Morton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2016.1218926","article-title":"Emotion regulation strategies in daily life: mindfulness, cognitive reappraisal and emotion suppression","volume":"46","author":"Brockman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Ther"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2021.111396","article-title":"How to ward off the threat of workplace ostracism? The merit of self-compassion","volume":"187","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Personal Individ Differ"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000653","article-title":"A controlled trial of two mind\u2013body interventions for grief in widows and widowers","volume":"89","author":"Knowles","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"ref123","first-page":"11","article-title":"Higher HRV and lower anxiety in buddhist concentrative and zen-seated meditation in response to acute stress","volume":"62","author":"Solarikova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Act Nerv Super Rediviva"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-022-01838-2","article-title":"Training self-compassion: exploring the effects on adolescents\u2019 physiological and self-reported stress responses","volume":"13","author":"Volkaert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-018-0900-9","article-title":"Self-compassion modulates heart rate variability and negative affect to experimentally induced stress","volume":"9","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e197","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.6955","article-title":"Designing, prototyping and evaluating digital mindfulness applications: a case study of mindful breathing for stress deduction","volume":"19","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11357","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111357","article-title":"Increasing heart rate variability through progressive muscle relaxation and breathing: a 77-day pilot study with daily ambulatory assessment","volume":"18","author":"Gro\u00df","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.04.028","article-title":"Emotion regulation as a predictor of the endocrine, autonomic, affective, and symptomatic stress response and recovery","volume":"94","author":"Krkovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104582","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of the Trier social stress test in eliciting physiological stress responses in children and adolescents","volume":"116","author":"Seddon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2016.11.001","article-title":"The Trier social stress test: principles and practice","volume":"6","author":"Allen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurobiol Stress"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00805","article-title":"Considerations in the assessment of heart rate variability in biobehavioral research","volume":"5","author":"Quintana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00735","article-title":"Heart rate variability as indicator of clinical state in depression","volume":"9","author":"Hartmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2019.02.005","article-title":"Resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia and posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis","volume":"144","author":"Campbell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2015.02.012","article-title":"Acute mental stress assessment via short term HRV analysis in healthy adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Castaldo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Signal Proces Cont"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-013-0258-y","article-title":"Does personality moderate the effects of mindfulness training for medical and psychology students?","volume":"6","author":"de Vibe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G*power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2019.06.003","article-title":"Repeated stress leads to enhanced cortisol stress response in child social anxiety disorder but this effect can be prevented with CBT","volume":"109","author":"Asbrand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-019-09437-z","article-title":"Higher levels of depressive symptoms are associated with increased resting-state heart rate variability and blunted reactivity to a laboratory stress task among healthy adults","volume":"44","author":"Brugnera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000313","article-title":"Differential autonomic nervous system reactivity in depression and anxiety during stress depending on type of stressor","volume":"78","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171600060X","article-title":"Heart rate variability and depressive symptoms: a cross-lagged analysis over a 10-year period in the Whitehall II study","volume":"46","author":"Jandackova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20925","article-title":"The role of self-compassion in psychotherapy","volume":"21","author":"Neff","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1098122\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T09:30:06Z","timestamp":1689672606000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1098122\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]]},"references-count":142,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1098122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1098122","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]]},"article-number":"1098122"}}